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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Biogeography of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in North America and Siberia: Applications to the Conservation of Biodiversity (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 4 (2000), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Acrididae ; conservation ; distribution ; diversity ; rarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to apply knowledge of holarctic grasshopper biogeography in representative, temperate ecosystems (Russia, South Siberia, Sayans region; 685,000 km2 and USA, Wyoming; 272,000 km2) to develop a comparative basis for understanding and conserving insect biodiversity. Maps of species distributions and vegetation zones were digitized, and a Geographic Information System was used to identify habitats with the greatest biodiversity and to characterize this diversity as a function of selected attributes. With respect to subfamilies, the greatest differences were in cold, mesic zones, where gomphocerines and melanoplines were dominant in Sayans and Wyoming, respectively. In terms of mobility, the Sayans has more flightless species and individuals, with the taiga supporting the greatest frequency of flightless acridids in both countries. With regard to feeding types, the diversity and richness of graminivores and forbivores were similar in the two regions, but mixed feeders were much more frequent in Wyoming. In the Sayans and Wyoming, pest species were most common in boreal and prairie zones, respectively. Ecoregions with a high diversity of pests also supported a high diversity of rare species. Shrub and desert zones supported many rare species in both countries. Thus, in terms of conservation, the Sayans' acridofauna appears to be at greater risk in terms of ecological vulnerability; acridid biodiversity is dispersed among habitats, with high frequencies of flightless and oligophagous species. The acridofauna of Wyoming could be conserved in fewer habitats than in the Sayans, but these habitats are subject to considerable human disturbance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009618425473
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lessons from the past: forests and biodiversity (1994)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 3 (1994), S. 3-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; history ; forests ; conservation ; cycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biodiversity of forested regions today is the result of complex historical interactions among physical, biological, and social forces over time, often heavily influenced by cycles of various sorts. Fire, agriculture technology, and trade have been particularly powerful human influences on forests. Virtually all of our planet's forests have been affected by the cultural patterns of human use, and the resulting landscape is an ever-changing mosaic of unmanaged and managed patches of habitat, which vary in size, shape, and arrangement. Because chance factors, human influence and small climatic variation can cause very substantial changes in vegetation, the biodiversity for any given landscape will vary substantially over any significant time period- and no one variant is necessarily more ‘natural’ than the others. This implies that biodiversity conservation efforts may need to give greater attention to ecosystem processes than to ecosystem products. A review of historical evidence shows that past civilizations have tended to over-exploit their forests, and that such abuse of important resources has been a significant factor in the decline of the over-exploiting society. It appears that the best way to maintain biodiversity in forest ecosystems in the late 20th Century is through a combination of strictly protected areas (carefully selected on the basis of clearly defined criteria), multiple-use areas managed by local people, natural forests extensively managed for sustainable yield of logs and other products and services, and forest plantations intensively managed for the wood products needed by society. This diversity of approaches and uses will provide humanity with the widest range of options, the greatest diversity of opportunities, for adapting to the cyclical changes which are certain to continue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115329
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The sinking ark: pollution and the worldwide loss of biodiversity (1992)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 1 (1992), S. 2-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; pollution ; species loss ; habitat loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Humans are making increasing demands on natural ecosystems. One recent study has concluded that our species is consuming or diverting some 40% of the net photosynthetic productivity of our planet. Many habitats are being converted to simpler systems which provide more harvestable goods to people. As a result, genetic diversity, species and whole ecosystems are disappearing; some scientists suggest that as many as 25% of the world's species could be lost in the next several decades. ‘The sinking ark’ is usually characterized in terms of pollution, habitat loss, poaching, introduced species and illegal trade in wildlife products, but these are symptoms rather than causes. At a more fundamental level, many of the same factors which have enabled pollution to become such a problem have also been responsible for the loss in biodiversity; the most important factor is that the effects of pollutants on biodiversity have been considered an externality, an unintended side effect of industrial activity which brought measurable benefits to people. Development activities which have depleted biodiversity have proven profitable only because the real costs have been hidden. Keeping the ark afloat will require the ‘Five-I Approach’: investigation (learning how natural systems function); information (ensuring that the facts are available to inform decisions); incentives (using economic tools to help conserve biodiversity); integration (promoting a cross-sectoral approach to conserving biodiversity); and international support (building productive collaboration for conserving biodiversity).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00700247
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