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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microorganisms associated with the spider mite predator Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus) occidentalis: Electron microscope observations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40 (1982), S. 98-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-2011
    Keywords: E. M. observations of ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; associated microorganisms ; diseases of ; spider mite predator
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90041-6
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ReleasingAmblyseius spp. [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] to controlThrips tabaci [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on cabbage (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 561-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Amblyseius barkeri ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Thrips tabaci ; cabbage ; biological control ; Amblyseius barkeri ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Thrips tabaci ; chou ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux espèces d'acariens prédateurs,Amblyseius barkeri (Hugues [=A. mckenziei Schuster & Pritchard] etAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans), ont été testés comme agents de lutte biologique potentiels contreThrips tabaci Lindeman sur chou.A. barkeri colonisa les pommes des choux durant les essais préliminaires. Des lâchers en plein champ de différents nombres d'A. barkeri en 1987 ont démontré que les thrips sur choux étaient réduits proportionnellement au nombre d'acariens lâchés, mais le dommage dû aux thrips demeurait identique. En 1988, des lâchers en plein champ d'un même nombre d'A. cucumeris, mais à des périodes différentes, ont démontré que les premiers lâchers réduisaient au maximum le nombre de thrips et les dommages à la récolte, mais cette corrélation n'était pas établie quand les pyréthroides sont employés. Nous concluons qu'un lâcher inoculatif d'Amblyseius spp. est une stratégie potentielle utilisable contre les thrips du chou, en perfectionnant le choix du nombre et du moment des lâchers, pour rendre la lutte acceptable sur le plan commercial.
    Notes: Abstract Two species of predaceous mites,Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) [=A. mckenziei Schuster & Pritchard] andA. cucumeris (Oudemans) [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] were evaluated as potential biological control agents forThrips tabaci Lindeman [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on cabbage.A. barkeri colonized cabbage heads in preliminary trials. Field releases of different numbers of mites per plant during 1987 showed thatA. barkeri reduced the number of thrips in cabbage heads at harvest, and the reduction was proportional to the number of mites released, but thrips damage was unaffected. ReleasingA. cucumeris at different times during 1988, but releasing the same number of mites each time, we found that earlier releases resulted in fewer thrips and less damage at harvest; these relationships were not present, however, in plots treated with pyrethroid insecticides. We conclude that inoculative release ofAmblyseius spp. is a potentially useful thrips management strategy, but improvements in release timing and strategy will be required to provide commercially acceptable control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374439
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency of variable-intensity and sequential sampling for insect control decisions in cole crops in the Netherlands (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insecta ; Brassica oleracea ; cabbage ; economic threshold ; sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 24 commercial fields of cabbages and Brussels sprouts were sampled in a grid fashion with 20–25 equally spaced cells with four plants per cell. Using this data base of 80–100 plants, we conducted computer stimulations to compare the treatment decisions that would be made for the major insect pests using published sequential sampling programs and a newly developed variable-intensity sampling program. Additionally, we compared the number of samples required to make the decision. At low thresholds (10–20%) for both Lepidoptera and cabbage aphids, variable intensity-sampling required a smaller sample size and provided more reliable decisions, while at high thresholds (40–50%) sequential sampling provided more reliable decisions. In both procedures, the occurrence of incorrect decisions was minimal. The number of cases in which a decision would not be reached after a 40-plant sample was lower for variable-intensity sampling. Considering the number of samples required to make a correct decision and the greater need for reliable decisions at lower thresholds, variable-intensity sampling was superior to sequential sampling. Additionally, variable-intensity sampling has the advantage of requiring samples to be taken in a greater area of the field and thus increases the probability of detecting localized infestations. Although variable-intensity sampling was not designed to classify pest populations for treatment decisions but rather to achieve sampling precision around the population mean, our present studies indicate that it can also be an effective method to aid in treatment decisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380554
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental induction and termination of non-reciprocal reproductive incompatibilities in a parahaploid mite (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rearing temperature ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; parahaploidy ; incompatibility ; sex ratio ; Wolbachia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between rearing temperatures, the presence or absence of Wolbachia endosymbionts, and non-reciprocal reproductive incompatibility in inbred lines of the parahaploid phytoseiid mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Heat-treated females crossed with infected males reared at room temperature produced few eggs and high proportions of shriveled eggs. No female progeny were produced. The reciprocal cross was normal. A second experiment showed that the incompatible cross from the first experiment could be made compatible if the infected line was heat-treated and those males crossed with the original heat-treated females. Furthermore, a new incompatibility was induced in a formerly compatible cross when the newly heat-treated females were crossed with males from their base colony. Heat-treatment was correlated with the loss of Wolbachia in both experiments. Wolbachia may thus affect non-reciprocal reproductive incompatibility in M. occidentalis, and may produce a unique incompatibility phenotype in this parahaploid species, including both reduced numbers of male progeny and a lack of female progeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003207830606
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgenic Arthropods for Pest Management Programs: Risks and Realities (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 463-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: risk analysis ; transgenic arthropods ; pest management programs ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; genetic control ; horizontal gene transfer ; pesticide resistance ; containment facilities and procedures ; Wolbachia ; predatory mites ; Metaseiulus occidentalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability to genetically engineer arthropods using recombinant DNA meopens new opportunities for improving pest management programs but also creates new responsibilities, including evaluation of the potential risks of releasing transgenic arthropods into the environment. It is now becoming easier to transform diverse species of arthropods by a variety of recombinant DNA methods. Useful genes and genetic regulatory elements are being identified for pest arthropods, but less effort is being expended to identify genes that could improve the efficacy of beneficial arthropods. A transgenic strain of the natural enemy Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus or Galendromus) occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was developed using a method termed maternal microinjection. This transgenic strain was released into an experimental site on the campus of the University of Florida in 1996 after extensive reviews by the University of Florida Biosafety Committee, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The short term releases established a precedent for releasing a transgenic arthropod but, at present, no guidelines are available that would allow transgenic arthropods to be released permanently into the environment. Several scientific, environmental, and policy issues must be resolved before transgenic pests or beneficial arthropods can be deployed in practical pest management programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006401225083
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of aerial dispersal on persistence and spread of pesticide-resistant Metaseiulus occidentalis in California almond orchards (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 17-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aerial dispersal ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; Acarina ; Phytoseiidae ; Tetranychidae ; spider mites ; pesticide resistance ; almonds ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; carbaryl ; western predatory mite ; European red mite ; two-spotted spider mite ; Pacific mite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La dispersion aérienne du phytoseïdae, M. occidentalis (Nesbitt), a été estimée comme élément de la lutte contre les populations résistantes aux insecticides établies dans les vergers de Californie. La dispersion maximale s'est produite fin juillet et début a oût en 1982 et 1983. La plupart des prédateurs (et des acariens) quittent les vergers avec les vents dominants du nordouest. Dans le verger, les vents dominants sont moins importants et la dispersion est généralement au hasard. Tant les acariens que les prédateurs se dispersaient au hasard par rapport à la taille des amandiers, mais les relevés sur 24 heures laissent supposer qu'il n'y a pas une distribution aléatoire pendant la journée. La plupart des mouvements aériens se produisirent entre 16 et 22 heures quand HR et vitesse du vent augmentaient et température diminuait. Les acariens et prédateurs ont été piégés sur des panneaux à 200 m du verger.
    Notes: Abstract Aerial dispersal of the phytoseiid Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was evaluated as a component in managing pesticide-resistant populations established in California almond orchards. Peak dispersal occurred in late July and early August during 1982 and 1983. Most predators (and spider mites) left the orchards on the prevailing winds from the northwest. Within the orchard, the prevailing winds had less influence, and dispersal was usually random. Both spider mites and predators dispersed randomly with regard to height from the almond trees, but data obtained during one 24-h interval suggest they do not disperse randomly throughout the day. Most aerial movements occurred between 16–22 h when relative humidity and wind speeds increased and temperatures decreased. Spider mites and predators were trapped on panels located 200 m from the orchard. A survey of carbaryl resistance levels in M. occidentalis collected from almond orchards surrounding the release sites indicates that carbaryl-resistant M. occidentalis dispersed at least 800 m between 1981–83. However, growers wishing to use the resistant strains should release them in their orchards as natural dispersal appears to be too slow. Migration of native M. occidentalis into the release sites appeared to be sufficiently rare that dilution of carbaryl-resistant populations was minimal during a 2–4 year period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366804
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diapause behavior of genetically-improved strains of the spider mite predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause ; genetic improvement ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; Tetranychus urticae ; Phytoseiidae ; Tetranychidae ; Acari ; glasshouse ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours d'un programme destiné à évaluer la valeur du prédateur, Metaseiulus occidentalis Nesbitt pour lutter contre Tetranychus urticae Koch sur roses dans les serres de Berkeley (California) nous avons comparé chez deux souches le comportement lié à la diapause. Une souche a une diapause normale, l'autre a été sélectionnée génétiquement pour son absence de diapause. Les adultes avec diapause normale recherchent des abris sur un dispositif expérimental conçu à partir d'un pied de haricot. Les femelles perdant l'aptitude à la diapause ainsique celles de la souche normale soumise à une longue photophase ont tendance à se disperser par voie aérienne à partir du dispositif expérimental, surtout quand les proies sont rares. Les femelles de M. occidentalis aptes à la diapause élevées aux environs de la photophase critique (11.2h) avec des températures variant entre 17°5 et 24°5 pendant le nyctémère réagissent en fonction de la disponibilité en proies: quand les proies manquent, les prédateurs ont plus tendance à entrer en diapause que quand les proies sont abondantes. Avec une longue photopériode, les femelles à jeûn abandonnent le système expérimental, (probablement par dispersion aérienne) et les femelles fécondées se dispersent plus facilement que les mâles et les femelles vierges. Aucune différence dans la tendance à la dispersion aérienne n'a été observée aux courtes photophases. La dispersion aérienne des femelles adultes s'est produite à des vitesses de 1.5 m/sec.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause behaviou of two strains of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was compared as part of a project to evaluate this predator as a control agent for Tetranychus urticae Koch on roses in greenhouses in Berkeley, California. One strain had a normal diapause and the other had been genetically selected for ‘non-diapause.’ Predators in diapause sought shelters on a simple bean plant test system. Females lacking the ability to diapause and the normal strain under long photophases tended to disperse aerially from the bean plant systems, particularly when prey were scarce. M. occidentalis females with the capacity to diapause reared near the critical photophase (11.2h) at fluctuating temperatures of 17.5 to 24.5°C within a 24 h period were influenced by the availability of prey: if prey were lacking, predators were more likely to enter diapause than if prey were abundant. Starved females left the plant system, probably through aerial dispersal, and mated females dispersed more readily than males and virgin females under long daylengths. No differences in aerial dispersal tendency were observed at short photophases. Aerial dispersal of adult females occurred at air speeds of ca. 1.5 m/s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361921
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of cabbage head weight to simulated Lepidoptera defoliation (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; cabbage ; yield loss ; economic threshold ; crop loss assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur le poids des pommes de choux (Brassica oleracea) soumis à différentes intensités de défoliations répétées avant et pendant la formation des pommes. Pendant les trois années de l'étude, huit intensités de défoliation continue ont réduit le poids des pommes, mais le poids le plus élevé a toujours été obtenu avec une faible défoliation avant et pendant la formation des pommes. Ceci montre que le chou tolère une certaine défoliation avant et pendant la formation des pommes. Les résultats de cette étude ont été utilisés dans une analyse coût-bénéfice pour estimer le seuil économique de défoliation.
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effects of continuous constant amounts of artificial defoliation through the preheading and heading growth stages on head weight of cabbage. High levels of continuous artificial defoliation caused a reduction in head weight in all three years of the study, but the highest yield was always attained at some low level of preheading or heading defoliation. These results demonstrate that cabbage is tolerant to some levels of continuous defoliation before and after head formation. Results from this study are incorporated into a cost-benefit analysis to estimate an economic threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343527
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