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  • N ligands  (4)
  • branching pattern  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 197 (1997), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching pattern ; recursive model ; root architecture ; three-dimensional structure ; visualization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In his Notebooks Leonardo da Vinci describes his diameter squared rule for the branching of above-ground tree parts. We now apply this branching-rule to the study of root-branching. Repeated application of this rule in a recursive computer program (ArtRoot) produces the diameters of the branches. An algorithm in this recursive program calculates the orientation of the branches in a three-dimensional space. From these data three-dimensional root-like structures are visualized by a computer program (PLUTON) designed to draw three-dimensional molecular structures. The visualization shows that starting from a relatively simple, symmetrical structure of dichotomous branching, more complex, asymmetrical root-like structures arise even if only a few parameter values are changed. The introduction of randomness into parameter values produces structures that differ considerably in their architecture. An extra force has been added in order to influence the orientation of new branches in space and to increase the flexibility of the structure formation.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 107-117 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching pattern ; dichotomy ; fractal characteristics ; herringbone ; methods of root research ; root diameter ; specific root length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fractal branching pattern the same rules govern branching at each subsequent level. The initial size (diameter) and the essential branching rules thus contain the information required to construct the whole pattern. If root branching patterns have fractal characteristics, measurement of the proximal root diameter at the stem base and the branching rules as observed anywhere in the root system, would be enough to predict total root length, root diameter distribution and root length per unit dry weight (specific root length). A ‘pipe stem’ model is used to derive algebraic relations between total root size and proximal root diameter for two classes of branching patterns, determinate and proportionate. To predict total root length from the proximal root diameter, at least information is needed on the minimum root diameter, the average length of internal and external links (segments) and the proportionality factor between total cross sectional areas before and after branching. For the length of the longest root or the specific root length further information on the branching rules is needed, as it is highest for determinate and proportionate branching rules, respectively.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching pattern ; root architecture ; root diameter ; root strategy ; specific root length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract If root systems have scale-independent branching rules, the total number of links in the root system can be predicted from the ratio of the largest and smallest root diameter. In Paper I we presented an algebraic model for a dicho-syntomous pattern (the simplest form of proportionate branching forming two equal branches at each node) and a herringbone branching model (the simplest form of determinate branching rules). Here, we present a recursive computer model and its results to analyze intermediate patterns, derived from allotomous proportionate branching (with unequal branches). The numerical and algebraic model gave the same results when applied to the same situation and parameter values. For practical applications of the relations found, a test is required on whether or not the underlying assumptions are met. To illustrate such a test, measurements of the branching pattern were made on Mondriaan's Red Tree painting. For patterns such as this tree a slight dependency of the proportionality factor on root diameter and random variability of several parameters may have to be included.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Pyridine ligands ; Bidentate bridging ligands ; Palladium ; Platinum ; N ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the new potentially tridentate ligand 3,5-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)pyridine (3) is described. Coordination chemistry of this ligand has been investigated with PdII and PtII precursor compounds. Both a bidentate bridging bonding motif and a monodentate bonding mode is observed. The latter compounds incorporate 3 by coordination through the pyridinic N atom only. The former complexes contain ligand 3 bonded to 2 metal centres by bridging through coordination of one trialkyl N donor atom and the pyridinic N atom. The solid-state structure of a ligand bridged Pd dimer has been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and corroborates with the solid-state IR data that suggested a trans-PdCl2 unit was present.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Insertion ; N ligands ; Terdentate ligands ; Rigid ligands ; Palladium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Novel methyl complexes [Pd(Me)(N-N-N)]X (N-N-N = flexible or rigid terdentate nitrogen ligand, X = Cl, SO3CF3, BAr′4) have been synthesized and fully characterized. All complexes readily underwent insertion of carbon monoxide resulting in the quantitative formation of complexes [Pd{C(O)Me}(N-N-N)]X [X = Cl (1d-6d), BAr′4 (1e-6e)]. Subsequently, complexes 2e-6e underwent quantitative insertion of norbornadiene, resulting in complexes [Pd{C7H8C(O)Me}(N-N-N)]BAr′4 (2f-6f). Unexpectedly, these complexes, including even those containing rigid terdentate nitrogen ligands, possess a structure in which the nitrogen ligand is coordinated in a bidentate fashion. A kinetic study of the reaction of norbornadiene with complexes 1e-6e revealed that the reactivity of complexes 1e-6e toward norbornadiene increases with increasing rigidity of the terdentate ligand, i.e. with increasing strain in the PdN3 moiety, which indicates that insertion very likely occurs via a mechanism involving nitrogen dissociation. This is fully supported by ab initio MO calculations on CO and ethylene insertion into carbon-palladium bonds of cationic model systems containing a rigid terdentate nitrogen ligand, which showed that the lowest-energy pathway for both insertion reactions consists of substitution of one of the distal nitrogen atoms of the rigid terdentate nitrogen ligand by the substrate, followed by a rate-determining migratory insertion of the substrate into the carbon-palladium bond.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Rhodium ; Iridium ; N ligands ; Coordination modes ; Polymerizations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complexation of [RhI(cod)]+ and [IrI(cod)]+ by the new pyridine-amine-pyrrole ligands Py-CH2-N(R)-CH2-Pyr-H (HLR; R = H, Bzl, Bu) and the corresponding pyridine-amine-pyrrolate ligands [Py-CH2-N(R)-CH2-Pyr]- (LR-; R = H, Bzl, Bu, CH2Py) has been investigated. The neutral ligands HLR (R = H, Bu, Bzl) give [(HLR)MI(cod)]+ (M = Rh, Ir) in which HLR acts as a didentate ligand via the pyridine nitrogen (NPy) and the amine nitrogen (NRamine). The crystal structures of [(HLH)MI(cod)]PF6 (M = Rh: [1]PF6 and M = Ir: [2]PF6) have been determined. Deprotonation of [(HLR)MI(cod)]+ (M = Rh, Ir; R = H, Bzl, Bu) results in the neutral complexes [(LR)MI(cod)] (M = Rh, Ir) of the mono-anionic ligands LR- (R = H, Bzl, Bu). In square-planar [(LH)MI(cod)] (M = Rh: 3, M = Ir: 4), LH- is didentate via NHamine and the pyrrolate nitrogen (NPyr). The X-ray structures of 3 and 4 reveal that in both cases the uncoordinated NPy accepts a hydrogen bond from NHamine. The X-ray structures of [(LBzl)MI(cod)] (M = Rh: 5, M = Ir: 6), show that LBzl- is didentate via Namine and NPyr for M = Rh and tridentate for M = Ir. In solution LBzl- is tridentate for both M = Rh and M = Ir. The neutral complexes [{Py-CH2-N(R)-CH2-Pyr}MI(cod)] (M = Rh, Ir) cannot be oxidised selectively with H2O2. This is in marked contrast to the previously observed selective oxidation of the corresponding cationic complexes [{Py-CH2-N(R)-CH2-Py}RhI(cod)]+. Rhodium complex 5 is an active catalyst for the stereoregular polymerisation of phenylacetylene, whereas iridium complex 6 is inactive.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: alkene complexes ; N ligands ; oxidations ; peroxides ; rhodium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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