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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A variable-response model for parasitoid foraging behavior (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoids ; foraging behavior ; learning ; experience ; variability ; model ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important factor inducing variability in foraging behavior in parasitic wasps is experience gained by the insect. Together with the insect's genetic constitution and physiological state, experience ultimately defines the behavioral repertoire under specified environmental circumstances. We present a conceptual variable-response model based on several major observations of a foraging parasitoid's responses to stimuli involved in the hostfinding process. These major observations are that (1) different stimuli evoke different responses or levels of response, (2) strong responses are less variable than weak ones, (3) learning can change response levels, (4) learning increases originally low responses more than originally high responses, and (5) hostderived stimuli serve as rewards in associative learning of other stimuli. The model specifies how the intrinsic variability of a response will depend on the magnitude of the response and predicts when and how learning will modify the insect's behavior. Additional hypotheses related to the model concern how experience with a stimulus modifies behavioral responses to other stimuli, how animals respond in multistimulus situations, which stimuli act to reinforce behavioral responses to other stimuli in the learning process, and finally, how generalist and specialist species differ in their behavioral plasticity. We postulate that insight into behavioral variability in the foraging behavior of natural enemies may be a help, if not a prerequisite, for the efficient application of parasitoids in pest management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052012
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. XV. (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acids ; moth scales ; Heliothis zea ; kairomones ; parasitoids ; biological control ; Trichogramma pretiosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acids found in moth scales of laboratory-rearedHeliothis zea (Boddie) moths are hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, 2- (or 3-) furan carboxylic, phenylacetic, benzoic, sorbic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The last two of these acids are preservatives added to the artifical diet as sorbic acid and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. FemaleTrichogramma pretiosum Riley exhibited increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs in the presence of some of these compounds in laboratory experiments. Exposure to a mixture of all of these compounds did not increase parasitization, and the elimination of acids from the crude moth-scale extract did not reduce parasitization by the wasps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987852
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomone ; parasitoid ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; biological control ; host finding ; host acceptance ; Heliothis zea ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley to stimuli fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) and fromTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) was examined in the laboratory. Kairomones were responsible, at least in part, for the greater response to naturally depositedH. zea eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989072
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1597-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; biological control ; rearing on plant ; wind tunnels ; flight response ; preflight behavior ; imprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson were reared fromHeliothis zea larvae fed either an artificial diet or a diet of cowpea seedlings. Responses of females from these two sources to semiochemicals from the insect hostcowpea complex were compared in a flight tunnel. Very limited responses were obtained from females reared from hosts fed artificial diet unless they first had preflight contact with frass from plant-fed hosts. Female parasite is reared from plant-fed hosts were generally responsive without preflight contact. Contact with cocoons containing frass of the plant fed host at the time of emergence was an important source of stimulation. It increased their subsequent responsiveness to the volatile semiochemicals of the insect host-plant complex. The cocoons of females reared from artificial diet-fed hosts were apparently lacking plant chemicals that are vital to their subsequent responsiveness. Imprinting of the adults at time of emergence from the cocoon is strongly indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012525
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. IV. Effect of kairomones on productivity and longevity ofTrichogmmma pretiosum riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomone ; parasites ; productivity ; longevity ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kairomones in the scales ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased the percent parasitization, the number of progeny produced, and the longevity of femaleTrichogramma pretiosum Riley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988025
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; biological control ; pest management ; parasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone from adultHeliothis zea (Boddie) scales is an important factor in the host selection process ofTrichogrammapretiosum Riley. If the host density is sufficiently high (i.e., 1 egg/500 cm2) and higher), a complete coverage or solid treatment of kairomone spray may be the optimum for increasing parasitization rates, but this is not the case at lower host densities (e.g., 1 egg/2000 cm2). At the lower densities, the kairomone must be distributed in such a way as to retain the parasitoids in the target area without inhibiting their movement from one ovi-position site to the next. Simulated moth scale particles appear to fill this need since their density can be regulated to provide the optimum frequency of parasitoid stimulation and thus maximum rates of parasitization at prevailing host densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986552
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 909-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; biological control ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley females exhibit success-motivated searching after oviposition. The stimulatory effect of contact with host eggs makes host-egg density an important factor in determining the appropriate strategy for behavioral manipulation, using kairomones, that simulate host seeking, in biological control programs. Host eggs can be used, in conjunction with kairomones or by themselves, to improve the performance of these important beneficial insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987616
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: II. Mechanisms causing increase in rate of parasitization byTrichogramma spp. (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 349-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma achaeae ; Heliothis zea ; biological control ; kairomones ; pest management ; parasitoids ; host finding ; insect behavior ; pheromones ; behavior chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When the effect of the kairomone, tricosane, on parasitization byTrichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti of eggs ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) was studied in petri dish tests, the greatest percentage parasitization ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 64%) was obtained if the entire filter paper was treated. Treatment of smaller areas (about the eggs) resulted in decreased parasitism. In the greenhouse, highest parasitization ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 71%) byT. pretiosum (Riley) ofH. zea eggs placed on pea seedlings grown in pie pans was obtained if the whole pan was treated; lowest parasitism ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 29%) occurred when the pans were untreated. Parasitization was intermediate ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 52%) in other pans treated only at selected spots. Dissections ofH. zea eggs collected from kairomonetreated and untreated field plots revealed that eggs ofTrichogramma spp. were more efficiently distributed (less superparasitism) among host eggs in treated plots. These kairomones increase parasitization ofTrichogramma spp. by releasing and continuously reinforcing an intensified searching behavior rather than by attracting and guiding the parasite directly to the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988837
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: I. Evaluation for increasing rates of parasitization byTrichogramma spp. in the field (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomones ; Trichogramma evanescens ; Trichogramma achaeae ; biological control ; pest management ; Heliothis zea ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; pheromones ; insect behavior ; host finding ; parasitoids ; behavior chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kairomones forTrichogramma spp. were evaluated in the field on soybeans and crimson clover. Blanket (complete coverage) spraying of plots (either a synthetic tricosane or an eluate from a hexane extract of moth scales, depending on the responsiveness of theTrichogramma spp. present) resulted in increased parasitization by released and wildTrichogramma populations. The increased parasitization resulted for both natural and artificially applied eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988836
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 483-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chrysopa carnea ; Heliothis zea ; kairomones ; predators ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented that demonstrate the responsiveness ofChrysopa carnea Stephens larvae to kairomones in the moth scales ofHeliothis zea (Boddie). Rates of predation byC. carnea on eggs ofH. zea were increased whenH. zea moth scales or a hexane extract of the scales was applied to the search area under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988191
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