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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; egg parasites ; Brussels sprouts ; Mamestra brassicae ; Pieris brassicae ; Pieris rapae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting In spruitkool kan schade veroorzaakt worden door rupsen van vijf soorten Lepidoptera. Inundatieve biologische bestrijding met de eiparasietTrichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) zou een alternatief kunnen zijn voor intensieve chemische gestrijding. In veldexperimenten (1982–1985) is de effectiviteit van vierTrichogramma spp. stammen vergeleken om de uitkomsten van laboratoriumonderzoek naar criteria voor de selectie van geschikte natuurlijke vijanden te evalueren. Selectiecriteria zijn gebaseerd op eigenschappen van het zoek- en parasiteringsgedrag van de parasieten, o.a. parasiteringsactiviteit bij lage temperatuur en gastheer-preferentie. Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) was de talrijkste gastheersooort, met een gemiddelde dichtheid van 0,2–2,0 eieren/plant gedurende een groot deel van het seizoen (juni–september). Een extreem hoge piekdichtheid (12 eieren/plant) deed zich voor in 1982. In andere jaren was de piekdichtheid ongeveer 2,5 eieren/plant. Eieren vanM. brassicae werden het meest geparasiteerd door stam 57 (T. evanescens), maar zelfs het hoogste gemiddelde seizoenspercentage parasitisme (52%) was niet voldoende voor een effectieve bestrijding. EenT. maidis stam (11) gaf de beste resultaten tegenPieris brassicae enP. rapae (Pieridae), maar parasitisme was laag (〈30%) en vrijwel beperkt tot piekdichtheden hoger dan 0,5 eieren/plant, die voorkwamen in 1982 en 1985.Plutella xylostella (Plutellidae) was soms talrijk, maar eiparasitisme leek niet voor te komen. De dichtheid vanEvergestis forficalis (Pyralidae) was gering in alle jaren. Relatief lage gastheerdichtheden kunnen een beperkende factor geweest zijn voor het optreden van een effectieve percentages eiparasitisme. De resultaten tonen aan dat er een overeenstemming is tussen selectiecriteria die in het laboratorium zijn onderzocht en de effectiviteit van geselecteerde stammen in het veld.
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of inundative releases of four strains of the egg parasiteTrichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) to control five lepidopterous species infesting Brussels sprouts crops in the Netherlands was examined in small-scale field experiments in 1982–1985. Strains were selected on the basis of behavioural characteristics investigated in laboratory experiments, i.e. parasitization activity at low temperature and host-species preference.Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) was the most abundant host species. Its density usually averaged between 0.5 and 2.0 eggs/plant throughout most of the season (June–September). A very high peak density of 12 eggs/plant occurred in 1982. In other years the peak was below 2.5 eggs/plant. Correspondence between the observed patterns of parasitism and behavioural characteristics of the strains was in general present. A strain ofT. evanescens (no. 57), with a high activity at 12°C, performed best againstM. brassicae. However, even its highest rate of parasitism (52%) was not sufficiently effective. A strain ofT. maidis (no. 11) performed best againstPieris brassicae andP. rapae (Pieridae), but parasitism remained low (〈30%) and was generally limited to peak densities (〈0.5 eggs plant) occurring in 1982 and 1985.Plutella xylostella (Yponomeutidae) was an abundant species in some years, but parasitism of its eggs was never observed. Egg densities ofEvergestis forficalis (Pyralidae) remained low in all years. The relationship between parasitims and host density and the influence of the parasite-release rate are discussed. Low host densities may have been a limiting factor for effective parasitism.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Anaxipha longipennis ; biological control ; Gryllidae ; Metioche vitatticollis ; parasitism ; predation ; Trichogramma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Egg mortality of rice leaf folders Cnaphalocrocis medinalisand Marasmia patnalis was studied in unsprayed irrigated rice fields in Laguna Province, the Philippines. Mortality was assessed by field exposure of laboratory-laid eggs for two days and by monitoring of field-laid eggs. Egg disappearance, the major mortality factor, was low in the first four weeks after transplanting and then increased. Egg parasitism by Trichogrammajaponicum was highest at the start of the crop and decreased to a low level towards crop maturity. Non-hatching of eggs was of minor importance. Over the total duration of the egg stage, the average disappearance of exposed laboratory-laid eggs was40%, and of field-laid eggs 46%. Egg mortality due to parasitism averaged 15% and 18%, respectively. The potential impact of egg parasitism is probably partly obscured by the disappearance of parasitized eggs. Mortality rates were highly variable between egg cohorts, but with multiple regression analysis several factors were identified that statistically explained a significant part of this variation. The results suggest that the predatory crickets Metiochevittaticollis and Anaxipha longipennis play a major role in egg disappearance, and that egg parasitism is positively dependent on the overall density of host eggs of Trichogramma in the field.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cowpea ; Vigna unguiculata ; West Africa ; biological control ; foraging behaviour ; arrestment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The functional response of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga Steffan (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was tested under three different host distributions (even, clumped and random) within clusters of Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) eggs. A Holling Type II functional response was found for all three distributions. Over low host densities, less than 50% of the host clusters was parasitized. At low host densities, U. lariophaga females parasitized significantly fewer eggs in random egg clusters with many beans than in clusters with fewer beans and an even or clumped egg distribution. At higher egg densities, plateau levels of maximum number of hosts parasitized were the same for all three egg distributions. Uscana lariophaga appears to be adapted to search for even or clustered egg distributions, as can be found in the field and under storage conditions.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 471-490 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoids ; foraging behavior ; learning ; experience ; variability ; model ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important factor inducing variability in foraging behavior in parasitic wasps is experience gained by the insect. Together with the insect's genetic constitution and physiological state, experience ultimately defines the behavioral repertoire under specified environmental circumstances. We present a conceptual variable-response model based on several major observations of a foraging parasitoid's responses to stimuli involved in the hostfinding process. These major observations are that (1) different stimuli evoke different responses or levels of response, (2) strong responses are less variable than weak ones, (3) learning can change response levels, (4) learning increases originally low responses more than originally high responses, and (5) hostderived stimuli serve as rewards in associative learning of other stimuli. The model specifies how the intrinsic variability of a response will depend on the magnitude of the response and predicts when and how learning will modify the insect's behavior. Additional hypotheses related to the model concern how experience with a stimulus modifies behavioral responses to other stimuli, how animals respond in multistimulus situations, which stimuli act to reinforce behavioral responses to other stimuli in the learning process, and finally, how generalist and specialist species differ in their behavioral plasticity. We postulate that insight into behavioral variability in the foraging behavior of natural enemies may be a help, if not a prerequisite, for the efficient application of parasitoids in pest management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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