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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3)
  • adenylate kinase  (2)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; creatine kinase ; adenylate kinase ; compartmentation ; oncotic pressure ; metabolic channelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytosolic proteins as components of the physiological mitochondrial environment were substituted by dextrans added to media normally used for incubation of isolated mitochondria. Under these conditions the volume of the intermembrane space decreases and the contact sites between the both mitochondrial membranes increase drastically. These morphological changes are accompanied by a reduced permeability of the mitochondrial outer compartment for adenine nucleotides as it was shown by extensive kinetic studies of mitochondrial enzymes (oxidative phosphorylation, mi-creatine kinase, mi-adenylate kinase). The decreased permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane causes increased rate dependent concentration gradients in the micromolar range for adenine nucleotides between the intermembrane space and the extramitochondrial space. Although all metabolites crossing the outer membrane exhibit the same concentration gradients, considerable compartmentations are detectable for ADP only due to its low extramitochondrial concentration. The consequences of ADP-compartmentation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space for ADP-channelling into the mitochondria are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: macromolecules ; oxidative phosphorylation ; adenylate kinase ; hexokinase ; compartmentation ; concentration gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dextran M20 was added to isolated rat liver mitochondria to mimic cytosolic macromolecules. Under these conditions, the morphological changes in the mitochondrial periphery that occur upon isolation of the organelle are restored, i.e. the volume of the intermembrane space decreases and the contact site frequency increases. The ADP routing from mitochondrial kinases at various locations was investigated by using the activities of oxidative phosphorylation and externally added pyruvate kinase as sensors for ADP transport into the matrix and extramitochondrial compartment, respectively. The studies reveal that a significant fraction of the ADP generated by either adenylate kinase in the intermembrane space or by outer membrane bound hexokinase isozyme I, is not accessible to extramitochondrial pyruvate kinase. Quantitative information on the ADP compartmentation in rat liver mitochondria was obtained by comparing the ADP supply from mitochondrial kinases to oxidative phosphorylation with that of non-bound, extramitochondrially located kinases. This approach allowed us to estimate the ADP diffusion gradients which were present across the outer membrane and between the compartment formed by bound hexokinase and the extramitochondrial compartment. In the presence of 10% dextran M20 these ADP gradients amounted to approximately 12 µM. The possible role of mitochondrial kinases in ADP transport into mitochondria in vivo is discussed. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 43–51, 1997)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 3269-3285 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The perbenzylation of polysaccharides can be achieved with benzyl chloride in DMSO under nitrogen with exclusion of moisture in the presence of methylsulfinylmethanide (1). Only one reaction step is necessary to obtain the completely substituted products of amylose, pullulan, dextran, and xylan, whereas the tribenzylethers of laminaran, glycogen, and low molecular weight mannan are received in two steps. The yields are between 60 and 90%.Under these reaction conditions pustulan and galactomannan could not be completely benzylated.High molecular weight mannan and cellulose (polyglycans which are unsoluble and don't swell in DMSO) can be benzylated in the presence of an excess of 1 (4 mol 1/mol OH-group) under similar conditions, if the corresponding monoacetylated derivatives which are soluble in DMSO are used as starting material. The fully benzylated products are obtained in two steps with yields of 30-35%.The various results obtained with the benzylation reaction are discussed in terms of solubility, degree of polymerization, and structure of the particular polysaccharide.
    Notes: Die Perbenzylierung von Polysacchariden gelingt in Gegenwart von Methylsulfinyl-methanid (1) mit Benzylchlorid in DMSO unter Stickstoff und Feuchtigkeitsausschluß. Während sich in einem Umsetzungsschritt Amylose, Pullulan, Dextran und Xylan vollständig substituieren lassen, werden Tribenzyläther von Laminaran, Glykogen und niedermolekularem Mannan erst nach der zweiten Benzylierung erhalten. Die Ausbeuten liegen zwischen 60 und 90%. Pustulan und Galaktomannan können unter diesen Reaktionsbedingungen nicht vollständig benzyliert werden.Die Benzylierung von hochmolekularem Mannan und Cellulose (in DMSO unlösliche und nicht quellbare Polyglykane) gelingt, wenn als Ausgangsmaterial die in DMSO löslichen Monoacetate verwendet und diese in Gegenwart eines Überschusses von 1 (4mol 1/mol OH-Gruppe) mit Benzylchlorid unter analogen Bedingungen umgesetzt werden. Trisubstituierte Cellulose und Mannan erhält man in zwei Umsetzungsschritten. Die Ausbeuten liegen zwischen 30 und 35%.Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse bei der Benzylierung werden im Zusammenhang mit Löslichkeit, Polymerisationsgrad und Struktur der einzelnen Polysaccharide diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The 13C-NMR spectra of malto- and isomalto-oligosaccharides, amylose and dextrane were analysed. It was observed that in both series of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides the resonances of the central glucose units are independent of the chain length with the exception of the C-atoms 1 and 4 of amylose which show deviations of 0,4 and 0,5 ppm. These small effects can possibly be explained by a definite polysaccharide chain conformation in solution.
    Notes: Die 13C-NMR-Spektren von polymerhomologen Reihen der Malto- und Isomaltooligosaccharide, sowie die von Amylose und Dextran wurden aufgenommen und analysiert. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß bei den Polymerhomologen die Resonanzen der C-Atome der mittelständigen Glucoseeinheiten unabhängig von der Kettenlänge sind. Während sich das Polysaccharid Dextran wie die Oligosaccharide verhält, zeigen im Falle der Amylose die Resonanzen der C-Atome 1 und 4 Abweichungen von 0,4 bzw. 0,5 ppm. Diese-wenn auch kleinen-Effekte geben möglicherweise einen Hinweis auf das Vorliegen einer überstruktur in Lösung.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 143 (1971), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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