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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nervous system of Tricladida. I. Neuroanatomy ofProcerodes littoralis (Maricola, Procerodidae): An immunocytochemical study (1995)
    Springer
    Invertebrate neuroscience 1 (1995), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: immunocytochemistry ; nervous system ; Tricladida ; neuropeptide F (NPF) ; orthogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The organization of the nervous system ofProcerodes littoralis (Tricladida, Maricola, Procerodidae) was studied by immunocytochemistry, using antibodies to authentic flatworm neuropeptide F (NPF) (Moniezia expansa). Compared to earlier investigations of the neuroanatomy of tricladid flatworms, the pattern of NPF immunoreactivity inProcerodes littoralis reveals differences in the following respects: 1. Shape and structure of the brain. 2. Number and composition of longitudinal nerve cords. 3. Shape of branches of, and transverse connections between, main ventral nerve cords. 4. Composition of the pharyngeal nervous system. The rich innervation by NPF immunoreactive (IR) fibres and cells of the subepithelial muscle layer, the pharynx musculature and the musculature of the male copulatory apparatus indicates a neurotransmitter or neuromodulatory influence on muscular activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02331909
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nervous system of Tricladida. II. Neuroanatomy ofDugesia tigrina (Paludicola, Dugesiidae): An immunocytochemical study (1995)
    Springer
    Invertebrate neuroscience 1 (1995), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: immunocytochemistry ; nervous system ; Tricladida ; neuropeptide F (NPF) ; 5-HT ; orthogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nervous system (NS) ofDugesia tigrina has been studied by immunocytochemical double-staining, using the authentic flatworm neuropeptide, neuropeptide F (NPF), and serotonin (5-HT) on cryosections. This technique provides a precise morphological (descriptive) account of the NS. The results show that the central nervous system is shaped like a horseshoe. The brain is composed of two lateral lobes connected by three commissures, one antero-dorsal in front of the cerebral eyes and two, more ventral, behind the eyes. The pair of main nerve cords extend from the lateral lobes of the brain to the tail end of the worm. Cross sections reveal a very close contact between lateral branches from the main cords and the submuscular plexus. Thin cord-like lateral nerves are formed by longitudinal plexal fibres. No dorsal cords were observed. The patterns of immunoreactivity to NPF and 5-HT differ from each other in several respects. In the walls of gut diverticula only NPF immunoreactive (IR) cells and fibres were observed. Only NPF-immunoreactive cells occur in the parenchyma along dorso-ventral nerve fibres connecting the dorsal and ventral parts of the submuscular plexus. The number of 5-HT-immunoreactive cells associated with the main nerve cords (MCs) is greater than that of the NPF-immunoreactive cells, and the spongy structure of the MCs is more apparent following immunostaining for 5-HT. Thin 5-HT-immunoreactive fibres were observed in the subepithelial plexus, penetrating the basal lamina and innervating a rhabdite-free ventro-lateral sensory area along the body periphery. The correspondence between MCs in the lower flatworms (Catenulida and Macrostomida) and the Seriata (Tricladida and Proseriata) confirms the status of the MCs in flatworms as the most important and stable neuronal characteristic, and constitutes support for the hypothesized common origin of the MCs in flatworms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02331911
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nervous system of Tricladida. IV. Neuroanatomy of Planaria torva (Paludicola, Planaridae): an immunocytochemical study (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 383 (1998), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Tricladida ; nervous system ; neuropeptides ; serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characters of the nervous system have scarcely been used in consideration of the phylogenetic relationships of the Tricladida. In order to contribute characters toward this end, we studied the nervous system of Planaria torva with immunocytochemical methods and we compare the results with what is known of nervous system structure in other triclads. Antisera against four neuroactive substances were used: neuropeptide F (NPF), RFamide, GYIRFamide, and serotonin (5-HT). All four substances showed positive immunoreactions throughout the nervous system; and the patterns of distribution of the first three were similar, while 5-HT showed a distinct distribution. The organization of these nervous system elements in Planariidae and Dendrocoelidae resembles that of the Maricola but differs from that of the Dugesiidae. The results support the hypotheses that the Paludicola is a more advanced taxon than the Maricola and that the Planariidae and Dendrocoelidae together are a sister group of the Dugesiidae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003426013382
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