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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Cell fate ; Skeletogenic potential ; Echinoid ; Induction ; Secondary mesenchyme cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  During the normal development of echinoids, an animal cap consisting of 8 mesomeres in a 16-cell stage embryo differentiates exclusively into ectoderm. Micromeres in an embryo at the same stage differentiate into primary mesenchyme cells (PMC) and coelomic pouch constituents. An animal cap and a quartet of micromeres were isolated from a 16-cell stage embryo and recombined to make a chimeric embryo devoid of presumptive endoderm and secondary mesenchyme cells (SMC). The PMC in the chimeric embryo were completely removed at the mesenchyme blastula stage. The PMC-depleted chimeric embryos formed an archenteron derived from the mesomeres. Some secondary mesenchyme-like cells (induced SMC) were released from the archenteron tip. A considerable fraction of the induced SMC formed the typical mesenchyme pattern after migrating into the vegetal region, synthesized skeletogenic mesenchyme cell-surface protein (msp130) and produced the larval skeleton. These findings indicate that induced SMC derived from the presumptive ectoderm have the same nature as natural SMC in both the timing of their release and their skeletogenic potential expressed in the absence of PMC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 103-113 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; cleavage ; fluorescein-labeled phalloidin ; microinjection ; phalloidin ; sand dollar eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Effects of microinjection of phalloidin on fertilization and cleavage of sand dollar (Clypeaster japonicus and Scaphechinus mirabilis) eggs were studied. The drug, previously injected into unfertilized eggs, showed no effect on the elevation of the fertilization membrane upon insemination up to an intracellular concentration of 50 μM. However, the movement of the egg pronucleus to the sperm pronucleus was inhibited and the fusion of pronuclei did not occur. The subsequent development no longer took place. When phalloidin was injected into fertilized eggs, the thickness of the cortical layer increased and the microvilli became conspicuous. Both nuclear division and cleavage were inhibited at the intracellular concentration of more than 20 μM, though the latter seemed to be more sensitive to phalloidin than the former.Fluorescein-labeled phalloidin (FL-phalloidin) was injected into eggs in order to investigate F-actin localization by fluorescence microscopy. In both unfertilized and fertilized eggs, FL-phalloidin was localized in the cortical layer within 1 min after injection. It was also localized in the cortical layer as radially oriented rodlike structures when injected into fertilized eggs before the disappearance of the nuclear membrane. No distinct fluorescence was detected in the mitotic apparatus or in the cleavage furrow. FL-phalloidin redistributed gradually into egg cytoplasm. In unfertilized eggs, fluorescent rods were found especially in the egg pronucleus 30 min after injection.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 387-397 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: birefringence ; polarizing microscope ; sea urchin egg ; cortex ; mitosis ; cleavage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Birefringence (BR) at the cell surface of fertilized eggs of the sand-dollar, Clypeaster japonicus, during mitosis and cleavage was determined with a photoelectric BR detection apparatus [Hiramoto et al, 1981a]. The cortex of about 2 μm thickness is birefringent positive with respect to the normal to the cell surface. The hyaline layer is negatively birefringent. The halo-layer consisting of a row of microvilli surrounding the egg is positively birefringent in normal Ca-free sea water, while it is negatively birefringent in Ca-free sea water with high refractive index. The BR of the cortex gradually increases over the entire surface during mitosis until the onset of cleavage. The BR of the cortex at the polar region reaches a maximum shortly after the onset of cleavage and then decreases, while the BR of the cortex at the equatorial region begins to decrease shortly before the onset of cleavage, reaches a minimum shortly after the cleavage starts, and then increases again as the cleavage furrow advances. The coefficient of birefringence of the cortex is about 2.5 × 10-5 at the maximum. The BR change of the cortex during mitosis and cleavage is interpreted as a passive deformation caused by the constriction of the contractile ring as well as an active structural change of the cortex occurring in the dividing cell.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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