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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The hCHK2 gene encodes the human homolog of the yeast Cds1 and Rad53 G2 checkpoint kinases, whose activation in response to DNA damage prevents cellular entry into mitosis. Here, it is shown that heterozygous germ line mutations in hCHK2 occur in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a highly penetrant familial cancer phenotype usually associated with inherited mutations in the TP53 gene. These observations suggest that hCHK2 is a tumor suppressor gene conferring predisposition to sarcoma, breast cancer, and brain tumors, and they also provide a link between the central role of p53 inactivation in human cancer and the well-defined G2 checkpoint in yeast.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, D W -- Varley, J M -- Szydlo, T E -- Kang, D H -- Wahrer, D C -- Shannon, K E -- Lubratovich, M -- Verselis, S J -- Isselbacher, K J -- Fraumeni, J F -- Birch, J M -- Li, F P -- Garber, J E -- Haber, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2528-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Risk Analysis and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Apoptosis ; Brain Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Checkpoint Kinase 2 ; Female ; G1 Phase ; *G2 Phase ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genes, p53 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome/enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Male ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Kinases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics/metabolism ; Sarcoma/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration are important events in the development of atherosclerosis. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1) mediates suppression of SMC migration induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Here we show that LRP1 forms a complex with the PDGF receptor (PDGFR). Inactivation of LRP1 in vascular SMCs of mice causes PDGFR overexpression and abnormal activation of PDGFR signaling, resulting in disruption of the elastic layer, SMC proliferation, aneurysm formation, and marked susceptibility to cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. The development of these abnormalities was reduced by treatment with Gleevec, an inhibitor of PDGF signaling. Thus, LRP1 has a pivotal role in protecting vascular wall integrity and preventing atherosclerosis by controlling PDGFR activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boucher, Philippe -- Gotthardt, Michael -- Li, Wei-Ping -- Anderson, Richard G W -- Herz, Joachim -- GM 52016/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL20948/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL63762/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS43408/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):329-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aorta/cytology/metabolism/*pathology ; Arteriosclerosis/*pathology/physiopathology/*prevention & control ; Benzamides ; Cattle ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Diet, Atherogenic ; Elastin/analysis ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Ligands ; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related ; Protein-1/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Mesenteric Arteries/cytology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/*metabolism/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Cells are organized on length scales ranging from angstrom to micrometres. However, the mechanisms by which angstrom-scale molecular properties are translated to micrometre-scale macroscopic properties are not well understood. Here we show that interactions between diverse synthetic, multivalent macromolecules (including multi-domain proteins and RNA) produce sharp liquid-liquid-demixing phase separations, generating micrometre-sized liquid droplets in aqueous solution. This macroscopic transition corresponds to a molecular transition between small complexes and large, dynamic supramolecular polymers. The concentrations needed for phase transition are directly related to the valency of the interacting species. In the case of the actin-regulatory protein called neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) interacting with its established biological partners NCK and phosphorylated nephrin, the phase transition corresponds to a sharp increase in activity towards an actin nucleation factor, the Arp2/3 complex. The transition is governed by the degree of phosphorylation of nephrin, explaining how this property of the system can be controlled to regulatory effect by kinases. The widespread occurrence of multivalent systems suggests that phase transitions may be used to spatially organize and biochemically regulate information throughout biology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3343696/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3343696/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Pilong -- Banjade, Sudeep -- Cheng, Hui-Chun -- Kim, Soyeon -- Chen, Baoyu -- Guo, Liang -- Llaguno, Marc -- Hollingsworth, Javoris V -- King, David S -- Banani, Salman F -- Russo, Paul S -- Jiang, Qiu-Xing -- Nixon, B Tracy -- Rosen, Michael K -- P30 CA142543/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103622/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056322/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056322-13/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM088745/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM56322/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR-08630/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 7;483(7389):336-40. doi: 10.1038/nature10879.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8812, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/metabolism ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biopolymers/chemistry/metabolism ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Phase Transition ; Phosphorylation ; Proline-Rich Protein Domains ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/chemistry/metabolism ; src Homology Domains
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-09-21
    Description: Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is an IRF family transcription factor with critical roles in lymphoid development and in regulating the immune response. IRF4 binds DNA weakly owing to a carboxy-terminal auto-inhibitory domain, but cooperative binding with factors such as PU.1 or SPIB in B cells increases binding affinity, allowing IRF4 to regulate genes containing ETS-IRF composite elements (EICEs; 5'-GGAAnnGAAA-3'). Here we show that in mouse CD4(+) T cells, where PU.1/SPIB expression is low, and in B cells, where PU.1 is well expressed, IRF4 unexpectedly can cooperate with activator protein-1 (AP1) complexes to bind to AP1-IRF4 composite (5'-TGAnTCA/GAAA-3') motifs that we denote as AP1-IRF composite elements (AICEs). Moreover, BATF-JUN family protein complexes cooperate with IRF4 in binding to AICEs in pre-activated CD4(+) T cells stimulated with IL-21 and in T(H)17 differentiated cells. Importantly, BATF binding was diminished in Irf4(-/-) T cells and IRF4 binding was diminished in Batf(-/-) T cells, consistent with functional cooperation between these factors. Moreover, we show that AP1 and IRF complexes cooperatively promote transcription of the Il10 gene, which is expressed in T(H)17 cells and potently regulated by IL-21. These findings reveal that IRF4 can signal via complexes containing ETS or AP1 motifs depending on the cellular context, thus indicating new approaches for modulating IRF4-dependent transcription.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537508/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537508/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Peng -- Spolski, Rosanne -- Liao, Wei -- Wang, Lu -- Murphy, Theresa L -- Murphy, Kenneth M -- Leonard, Warren J -- ZIA HL005402-20/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HL005402-21/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HL005408-05/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 25;490(7421):543-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11530. Epub 2012 Sep 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA. lip3@nhlbi.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22992523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Female ; Interferon Regulatory Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Interleukin-10/genetics ; Interleukins/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleotide Motifs ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Th17 Cells/cytology/immunology ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1995-09-29
    Description: The baculovirus antiapoptotic protein p35 inhibited the proteolytic activity of human interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) and three of its homologs in enzymatic assays. Coexpression of p35 prevented the autoproteolytic activation of ICE from its precursor form and blocked ICE-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of enzymatic activity correlated with the cleavage of p35 and the formation of a stable ICE-p35 complex. The ability of p35 to block apoptosis in different pathways and in distantly related organisms suggests a central and conserved role for ICE-like proteases in the induction of apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bump, N J -- Hackett, M -- Hugunin, M -- Seshagiri, S -- Brady, K -- Chen, P -- Ferenz, C -- Franklin, S -- Ghayur, T -- Li, P -- AI 38262/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Sep 29;269(5232):1885-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7569933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Binding Sites ; Binding, Competitive ; Caspase 1 ; Cell Line ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Transfection ; Viral Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2010-06-12
    Description: T cells develop in the thymus and are critical for adaptive immunity. Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes constitute an essential component of the innate immune system in tumor surveillance, reproduction, and defense against microbes and viruses. Here, we show that the transcription factor Bcl11b was expressed in all T cell compartments and was indispensable for T lineage development. When Bcl11b was deleted, T cells from all developmental stages acquired NK cell properties and concomitantly lost or decreased T cell-associated gene expression. These induced T-to-natural killer (ITNK) cells, which were morphologically and genetically similar to conventional NK cells, killed tumor cells in vitro, and effectively prevented tumor metastasis in vivo. Therefore, ITNKs may represent a new cell source for cell-based therapies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628452/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628452/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Peng -- Burke, Shannon -- Wang, Juexuan -- Chen, Xiongfeng -- Ortiz, Mariaestela -- Lee, Song-Choon -- Lu, Dong -- Campos, Lia -- Goulding, David -- Ng, Bee Ling -- Dougan, Gordon -- Huntly, Brian -- Gottgens, Bertie -- Jenkins, Nancy A -- Copeland, Neal G -- Colucci, Francesco -- Liu, Pentao -- 076962/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077186/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0501150/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800784/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G116/187/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 2;329(5987):85-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1188063. Epub 2010 Jun 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Knock-In Techniques ; Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta ; Killer Cells, Natural/cytology/immunology/*physiology ; *Lymphopoiesis/genetics ; Melanoma, Experimental/immunology/therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/cytology/physiology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stromal Cells/cytology/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*physiology/transplantation ; Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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