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  • 1
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    A search for anisotropy in the cosmic microwave radiation at medium angular scales (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results are reported from a search for anisotropy in the cosmic microwave radiation (CMR) at angular scales of 0.5 to 5 deg. No temperature fluctuations are detected, and limits are placed on intrinsic CMR anisotropy. These limits are expressed in terms of two models which describe the temperature fluctuations. For models specified by a Gaussian-shaped correlation function, the fluctuation amplitude is found to be 1.1 x 10 to the -4th or less at 1.1 deg; for models with monochromatic fluctuations it is 7.5 x 10 to the -5th or less at 1.7 deg. These limits satisfy the likelihood ratio test at the 95 percent confidence level. The implications of the results for large-scale structure information scenarios are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 353; 140-144
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  • 2
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    Anisotropy of the cosmic blackbody radiation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The universe is filled with thermal radiation having a current temperature of 2.75 K. Originating in the very early universe, this radiation furnishes strong evidence that the Big Bang cosmology best describes our expanding universe from an incredibly hot, compacted early stage until now. The model can be used to extrapolate our physics backward in time to predict events whose effects might be observable in the 2.75 K radiation today. The spectrum and isotropy are being studied with sophisticated microwave radiometers on the ground, in balloons, and in satellites. The results are as predicted by the simple theory: the spectrum is that of a blackbody (to a few percent) and the radiation is isotropic (to 0.01 percent) except for a local effect due to our motion through the radiation. However, a problem is emerging. Primordial fluctuations in the mass density, which later became the great clusters of galaxies that we see today, should have left an imprint on the 2.75 K radiation - bumpiness on the sky at angular scales of about 10 arc minutes. They have not been seen.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 232; 1517-152
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  • 3
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    Large-scale anisotropy at centimeter wavelengths (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Intrinsic effects in the case of large-scale anisotropy measurements could possibly provide much information about the early universe. Techniques for experimental investigations at centimeter wavelengths are discussed, taking into account the basic problem to measure the difference in the radiation temperature form two directions in the sky with an accuracy of better than 0.0001 K. The largest anisotropy in the 2.7 K background radiation is a dipole distribution, most of which is due to the sun's velocity with respect to the radiation frame. It is pointed out that two very recent results how good agreement with older dipole data. A cooled 3 mm mixer radiometer and a 1.2 cm maser radiometer were flown in balloon. The results of a search for evidence of a quadrupole distribution in the 2.7 K radiation are also reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 4
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    A 1 percent measurement of the temperature of the cosmic microwave radiation at lambda = 1.2 centimeters (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are reported of a direct measurement of the cosmic microwave radiation temperature using a special Dicke radiometer (wavelength = 1.2 cm) designed to minimize the usual systematic errors. The experiment was performed at balloon altitudes to avoid atmospheric emission. The first flight gives a cosmic microwave radiation temperature of 2.783 + or - 0.025 K, where the error is due to several errors (mostly systematic) added by quadrature. This is the most accurate direct measurement (by a factor of 3) yet reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 313; L1-L4
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  • 5
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    Measuring the large-scale anisotropy in the microwave background radiation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of large-scale anisotropy in the 2.7 K microwave background radiation are reaching a sensitivity of Delta T/T = 0.0001 in the amplitudes of low-order spherical harmonics. At this level, interesting conditions and processes in the early universe can be studied. However, the measurements are difficult and very susceptible to systematic errors. The microwave instruments and techniques are discussed with the emphasis on the reduction and evaluation of spurious effects. The subtraction of foreground radiation, mainly from diffuse Galactic sources, is a major problem that already limits the accuracy of measurements near 1 cm wavelength. Current results for the dipole and quadrupole moments are compared and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 6
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    Galactic cosmic ray heavy primary secondary doses (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of a calculation which estimates the heavy primary secondary doses from cosmic ray interaction data are reported. The incident galactic cosmic ray heavy primary spectrum is represented as the sum of helium, nitrogen, magnesium, and iron components. The incident iron nuclei are allowed to fragment into lesser Z secondaries, which are assumed to travel in the same direction and start with the same energy per nucleon as the interacting primary. The total emergent particle energy spectra and dose are then presented for the galactic heavy primary spectrum incident on aluminum and tissue slabs. The importance of the fragmentation parameters assumed is also evaluated. The total dose from the heavy primaries and their secondaries is found to be reduced by only a factor of two in 20 g/sq cm of shielding.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Proc. of the Natl. Symp. on Nat. and Manmade Radiation in Space; p 104-107
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  • 7
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    Study of radiation hazards to man on extended near earth missions (1969)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radiation hazards to man on extended near earth missions
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-1469 , D2-114299-1
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  • 8
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    Study of radiation hazards to man on extended missions (1968)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radiation hazards on extended manned space flights
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-1037
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  • 9
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    Spectral characteristics and dose calculations for the primary and secondary particles that result from the interaction of the solar and galactic cosmic-rays with aluminum shields (1968)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spectral characteristics and dose calculations for primary and secondary particles that result from interaction of solar and galactic cosmic rays with aluminum shields
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON PROTECT. AGAINST SPACE RADIATION 1968; P 59-74
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  • 10
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    Microwave and theoretical studies for Cosmic Background Explorer satellite (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, its instruments, and its scientific mission are discussed. The COBE radiometer is considered, and measurement of galactic radio emission with masers is reviewed. Extragalactic radiation and zodiacal dust are mentioned briefly.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-175248 , NAS 1.26:175248
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