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  • SPACE RADIATION  (80)
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  • 1
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    Measurement of primary cosmic ray charge and energy spectra during 1963 (1964)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-26
    Description: Primary cosmic ray charge and energy spectrum measurement
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 2
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    Studying antiprotons from balloons and Space Station (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental measurements are proposed to determine the existence of cosmic antiprotons and to differentiate between various hypothetical origins for them. The balloon-borne experiment proposed by Balasubrahmanyan et al. (1983) for detecting 50-220-MeV antiprotons and measuring their energy distribution is described; the astrophysical significance of antiproton measurements is considered; the antiproton/proton ratios predicted by various cosmic-ray and exotic models are presented graphically; and the performance required of a Space Station superconducting-magnet detector for the 10-1000-GeV range is discussed. It is concluded that an instrument with 0.3-sq m sr geometry could distinguish (at a 5-sigma level) between hypotheses with spectral-exponent separation of 0.1 in observing time about 1 month, assuming a spectral exponent as steep as E to the -3rd.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 3
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    Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra above 50 GeV. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Differential energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and He nuclei have been measured for the first time by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 to more than 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power-law spectra with a slope of -2.75 (plus or minus 0.03) for protons and of -2.77 (plus or minus 0.05) for He nuclei. The proton-to-He ratio is 26 (plus or minus 3) at 40 GeV/nucleon and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 28; Apr. 10
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  • 4
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    27-day recurrence and long term modulation of cosmic ray intensity. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Previous work by Balasubrahmanyan and Venkatesan (1970) on the general problem of the solar activity relationship with the 27-day recurrence and long term modulation of cosmic ray intensity, and Lockwood's (1971) comments thereon are discussed in the light of some further work. A possible explanation proposed for the absence of any time lag in both short and long term cosmic ray intensity changes views the long term variation as a result of a superposition of a number of short term decreases.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 20; Oct. 197
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  • 5
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    Primary cosmic ray electrons above 10 GeV - Measurements using a thick detector (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A balloon-borne measurement of the cosmic ray electron spectrum from 10 to 200 GeV is reported in which two new techniques have been used to remove proton background contamination. First, the depth of the spectrometer was more than 40 radiation lengths, the equivalent of more than 3 mean free paths of material, enabling hadronically and electromagnetically induced cascades to be differentiated for a subset of the data. Second, electromagnetic cascade starting points were determined to within plus or minus 0.1 radiation lengths on the basis of a calibration with electrons from 5.4 to 18 GeV at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, greatly reducing the chances for a proton to simulate an electron. The resulting spectrum, when fitted with a power law, is quite steep, -3.2 plus or minus 0.1, but the fit to a power law is marginal.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 6
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    Results on the energy dependence of cosmic-ray charge composition (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of measurements by a balloon-borne ionization spectrometer of the energy dependence of high-energy cosmic-ray charge composition. The results presented are greatly improved over those obtained earlier by Ormes et al. (1971) by the use of a multidimensional charge analysis with more efficient background rejection, and a more accurate energy determination. Complex couplings between the charge, energy, and trajectory information were taken into account and are discussed. The spectra of individual elements up to oxygen and of groups of nuclei up through iron were measured up to almost 100 GeV per nucleon. The energy spectrum of the secondary nuclei, B + N, is found to be steeper than that of the primary nuclei, C + O, in agreement with Smith et al. (1973). The most dramatic finding is that the spectrum of the iron nuclei is flatter than that of the carbon and oxygen nuclei by 0.57 plus or minus 0.14 of a power.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 7
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    Measurement of the cosmic-ray iron spectrum between 60 and 200 GeV per nucleon (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A measurement of the spectral index of Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) iron has been made using a high-energy gas Cerenkov spectrometer. The spectral index of GCR iron is found to be 2.56 + or - 0.11 in the energy range 57-200 GeV/ nucleon. This result indicates that the source spectrum of GCR iron is similar to that of other primary GCR nuclei and is consistent with the simplest models of GCR propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 351; 459-466
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  • 8
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    Nuclear composition (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of direct measurements of the energy distribution and elemental composition of cosmic rays are reviewed. Consideration is given to early calorimeter, Cerenkov-counter, and superconducting-magnet data; HEAO-3 results; balloon-borne measurements beyond 30 GeV/nucleon, and the balloon-borne emulsion-chamber data obtained in the JACEE experiments (Burnett et al., 1982 and 1983). The potential of Space Station observations to extend the data to energies as high as 10 PeV is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 9
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    Co-rotating modulations of cosmic ray intensity detected by spacecrafts separated in solar azimuth (1969)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Statistical correlation of rotating cosmic ray fluxes observed by separated spacecrafts in solar azimuth
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: COSMIC RAYS SEP. 1969; P 159-173
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  • 10
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    Charge dependence of the energy spectra of cosmic rays. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of spectral data for Li, Be, B, C, N, and O from measurements of cosmic ray particle charges, trajectories and energies by a balloon-borne ionization spectrometer floated for 16 hr. It is concluded that the source spectra of heavy nuclei are flatter than those of lighter nuclei and the acceleration of the heavier nuclei is preferential in cosmic rays from the same source.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 241; Jan. 29
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