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  • 1
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    A quantitative test of solar modulation theory - The proton, helium, and electron spectra from 1965 through 1979 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The predictions of a conventional, spherically symmetric model of solar modulation have been compared with the measured spectra of positively and negatively charged galactic cosmic-ray particles at 1 AU throughout the 1965-1976 solar cycle and through the enhanced modulation of 1979. For the proton/helium, proton/electron, and helium/electron flux ratios, there is remarkably good agreement between theory and experiment, except for small differences in 1965 and 1969. Possible systematic experimental errors are discussed, and it is concluded that: (1) the 11 year modulation process is largely independent of the sign of the particle charge; and (2) the assumption of steady state is a fairly good approximation for long term modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 275; L15-L18
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  • 2
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    A search for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at millimeter wavelengths (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is believed that X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies represents thermal bremsstrahlung from a hot plasma. According to Sunyaev and Zel'dovich (1972), the plasma column density and temperature derived from this model imply a measurable distortion of the cosmic background radiation (CBR) in the cluster direction. This distortion results from the Compton scattering of the CBR photons by the electrons in the plasma, resulting in an average increase of each photon. This process, known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, is photon conserving and 'shifts' the CBR spectrum to higher frequencies. The result is a decrease of flux at frequencies below 7.5 per cm (the Rayleigh-Jeans region), and an increase above. The investigation is concerned with measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at frequencies in the range from 3 to 10 per cm. Attention is given to the employed observing and analysis technique, and an initial null result for the cluster Abell 1795.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 271; Aug. 1
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  • 3
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    Solar modulation of cosmic ray electrons 1978-1983 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The ISEE 3 spacecraft has provided over 4 years of continuous data from nearby interplanetary space. By using these data together with prelaunch calibration data and precise electron spectra from balloon flights in 1979 and 1982 at Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, the flux level of approximately 1 GeV cosmic ray electrons with 1 month time resolution is monitored. The step-like onset of modulation observed for positive particles in 1979 is also seen in electrons, confirming that the dominant modulation mechanism is not sensitive to the charge of the particle. Hysteresis effects observed in the previous solar maximum by Burger and Swanenburg (1973) are not reproduced at the present solar maximum. A return to the relatively higher electron/proton ratios of the 1960s is a strong possibility. Conclusions must be drawn with caution, however, since the overall time structure of the present solar maximum is significantly different from that of the previous one.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2647-265
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  • 4
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    The primary cosmic ray electron spectrum 1978-1980 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In August of 1978 the ISEE-3 spacecraft carried the University of Chicago electron spectrometer into interplanetary space. Strong intensity variations of Jovian electrons have been observed in the energy range from 5 to 25 MeV in conjunction with 3 Jovian seasons. The spectral shape of the extra electrons has a shallow maximum around 15 MeV. No measurable long term variation in the average electron spectrum has been observed since 1968 up to energies of about 50 MeV. However, strong solar cycle modulation occurs at energies around a few hundred MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Jul 13, 1981 - Jul 25, 1981; Paris; France
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  • 5
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    The source abundances of galactic cosmic rays (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The galactic cosmic ray source abundances have been determined from two complete datasets, one at low and the other at high energy. For both exponential and truncated exponential pathlength distributions (PLD), the two sets of source abundances show significant differences for the primary elements, i.e., the Fe/O ratio. An energy dependent PLD reduces but does not eliminate the discrepancy, and this may indicate an energy dependence in the source composition. New source abundances for Na, P, Cl, Ca, and Mn are derived.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Jul 13, 1981 - Jul 25, 1981; Paris; France
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  • 6
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    The rigidity dependence of cosmic ray solar modulation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Continuous particle flux measurements above rigidity thresholds of 1.2, 2.2, 5.5 and 11 GV were made by using the thresholds of two Cerenkov detectors aboard the ISEE-3 spacecraft. The ISEE-3 was launched in August 1978, near the beginning of the current solar cycle's heavy modulation phase, and the data presented represent the first direct measurement made at these energies with such a long time base. The measured long term modulation rigidity spectrum is compared with other data and with the spectrum of Forbush decreases, and it is found that the agreement between electron and positively charged particle results must be considered a constraint on cosmic ray modulation models involving the mechanism of gradient and curvature drift in the interplanetary magnetic field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Jul 13, 1981 - Jul 25, 1981; Paris; France
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  • 7
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    The cosmic ray electron/proton intensity ratio between 1965 and 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In experimental investigations, differences have been found regarding the modulation of low-energy electrons and protons. These differences cannot be explained on the basis of conventional theory. Evenson et al. (1979) have attempted to relate the differences in the modulation of electrons and protons to the solar field reversal of 1969-1971. The analyses have been inconclusive due to lack of a long time base and to a scarcity of reliable electron data. The present study represents an extension of he investigation of Evenson et al. (1979) to the time period 1965-1979. New data obtained in 1977-1979 are added, 1965 electron data are reexamined, and the time behavior of the helium/proton ratio is considered. It is concluded that there was a systematic shift in the intensity ratio of low-energy electrons to protons in the time period around the reversal of the solar polar magnetic field, leading to a clear difference in the values of the ratio for the two consecutive solar minima 1965 and 1976.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Jul 13, 1981 - Jul 25, 1981; Paris; France
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  • 8
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    High resolution determination of elemental abundances for Z equals 8-28 at 1.2-2.4 GeV/n (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are reported from a series of high-altitude balloon flights of a combination scintillator-double Cerenkov counter telescope to obtain abundances for the nuclei oxygen through nickel corrected to the top of the atmosphere. Over this charge range unambiguous element separation, including the rare element cobalt, has been achieved. Final results are presented of an analysis giving relative abundances over this charge and energy range and compared with other recent experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Jul 13, 1981 - Jul 25, 1981; Paris; France
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  • 9
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    Relative abundance of the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4 in the cosmic radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The geomagnetic field near the equator is used to measure the He-3/He-4 abundance ratio near 6 GeV/nucleon. This ratio is found to be 0.24 + or - 0.05, under the assumption that the helium rigidity spectrum has the form dI/dR = about R exp(-2.65). If all He-3 is of secondary origin, this implies an interstellar mean escape-path length of about 15 g/sq cm, a value considerably larger than that determined from observations of heavier elements but compatible with measurements of the helium isotopic ratio at lower energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 53; 505-508
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  • 10
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    The isotopic composition of helium at high rigidities (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The isotopic abundance distribution of the cosmic radiation at energies beyond 1 GeV/AMU can at the present time be determined only with the geomagnetic method. A balloon-borne instrument was flown for 12 hours near the geomagnetic equator to measure the relative abundance of the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4 around 12 GV rigidity. The sharp rigidity cut-off at equatorial latitudes permitted separation of the two isotopes using a high-resolution-gas Cerenkov counter. The experiment thus confirms the predicted sharp cut-off at those latitudes and demonstrates the potential for isotopic separation of other elements, once flights of longer duration can be made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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