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  • 1
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    The Cosmic Background Explorer (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Cosmic Background Explorer (CBE), NASA's cosmological satellite which will observe a radiative relic of the big bang, is discussed. The major questions connected to the big bang theory which may be clarified using the CBE are reviewed. The satellite instruments and experiments are described, including the Differential Microwave Radiometer, which measures the difference between microwave radiation emitted from two points on the sky, the Far-Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer, which compares the spectrum of radiation from the sky at wavelengths from 100 microns to one cm with that from an internal blackbody, and the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment, which searches for the radiation from the earliest generation of stars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733); 262; 132-139
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  • 2
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    Cosmic Ray Nuclei (CRN) detector investigation (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Cosmic Ray Nuclei (CRN) detector was designed to measure elemental composition and energy spectra of cosmic radiation nuclei ranging from lithium to iron. CRN was flown as part of Spacelab 2 in 1985, and consisted of three basic components: a gas Cerenkov counter, a transition radiation detector, and plastic scintillators. The results of the experiment indicate that the relative abundance of elements in this range, traveling at near relativistic velocities, is similar to those reported at lower energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-184137 , NAS 1.26:184137
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  • 3
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    Analysis and interpretation of high energy cosmic rays measured on Spacelab-2 (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Under the contract with NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (NAS8-32828) the University of Chicago designed, built and delivered the CRN instrument for flight in the Spacelab-2 configuration. The instrument was flown from July 29 to August 5, 1985 on the Space Shuttle Challenger. The performance of our experiment was entirely successful and we reached our scientific goals. The contract included funds for the first year of data analysis. Further data analysis was carried out under the grant NAGW-1311 which ran from January 1, 1988 through December 31, 1990, and on which we report. The final products of this grant are the published scientific papers with the results from the experiment. We attach copies of the papers that have been published to date, and which we consider the most important part of this report. However, in order to put them into context we give a brief account of the project as a whole for which the grant covered the final phase.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-193586 , NAS 1.26:193586
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  • 4
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    Early results from the MIT millimeter and sub-millimeter balloon-borne anisotropy measurement (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The MIT balloon-borne bolometric search for Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) anisotropies places the most stringent constraints to date on fluctuations in the CMBR. Four maps of half of the Northern Hemisphere at 1.8, 1.1, 0.63 and 0.44 mm wavelength, have a beam size of 3.8 deg with a 1 sigma sensitivity of less than 0.1 mK (thermodynamic) per FOV in each of the first two channels. Analysis of the sky map at 1.8 mm wavelength using a likelihood ratio test for galactic latitudes of 15 deg and greater yields a 95 percent confidence level (CL) upper limit on fluctuations of the CMBR at DeltaT/T less than or equal to 1.6 x 10 exp -5 with a statistical power of 92 percent for Gaussian fluctuations at a correlation angle of 13 deg. Between 3 deg and 22 deg, the upper limit for fluctuations is DeltaT/T less than or equal to 4.0 x 10 exp -5 (95 percent CL).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: After the first three minutes; Proceedings of the 1st Astrophysics Workshop, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Oct. 15-17, 1990 (A93-23605 07-90); p. 113-118.
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  • 5
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    A measurement of the large-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropy at 1.8 millimeter wavelength (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This measurement of the large-scale cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) anisotropy places the most stringent constraints to date on fluctuations in the CMBR on angular scales greater than about 4 deg. Using a four-channel bolometric radiometer operating at 1.8, 1.1, 0.63, and 0.44 mm, the diffuse sky brightness over half of the northern hemisphere has been mapped with an angular resolution of 3.8 deg. Analysis of the sky map at the longest wavelength for Galactic latitudes of 15 deg or more yields a 95-percent confidence level upper limit on fluctuations of the CMBR at Delta T/T of 1.6 x 10 to the -5th with a statistical power of 92 percent for Gaussian fluctuations at a correlation angle of 13 deg. Between 3 deg and 22 deg, the upper limit of fluctuations is 4.0 x 10 to the -5th . An anisotropy is detected in the map, but it cannot yet be attributed to primordial sources. The ultimate sensitivity for this experiment is 7 x 10 to the -6th over this angular range for Gaussian fluctuations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 371; L7-L9
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  • 6
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    Relative abundances of secondary and primary cosmic rays at high energies (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: New results on the energy spectra of the cosmic-ray nuclei boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen up to energies around 1 TeV per amu are described. The measurements were performed on the Spacelab 2 mission of the Space Shuttle in 1985. Carbon and oxygen are essentially primary cosmic rays, while boron is purely secondary, and nitrogen has secondary as well as primary contributions. Therefore, the relative abundances of these nuclei provide sensitive information on the propagation of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. It is found that the flux of the secondary cosmic rays continues to decrease relative to that of the primaries over the energy range covered with this observation, and that the mean escape length near 1 TeV per amu is about 1 g/sq cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 349; 625-633
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  • 7
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    Interpretation of the cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropy detected by the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The large-scale cosmic background anisotropy detected by the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) instrument is compared to the sensitive previous measurements on various angular scales, and to the predictions of a wide variety of models of structure formation driven by gravitational instability. The observed anisotropy is consistent with all previously measured upper limits and with a number of dynamical models of structure formation. For example, the data agree with an unbiased cold dark matter (CDM) model with H0 = 50 km/s Mpc and Delta-M/M = 1 in a 16 Mpc radius sphere. Other models, such as CDM plus massive neutrinos (hot dark matter (HDM)), or CDM with a nonzero cosmological constant are also consistent with the COBE detection and can provide the extra power seen on 5-10,000 km/s scales.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 396; 1, Se; L13-L18
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  • 8
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    Elemental abundances in the local cosmic rays at high energies (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The heavy-nuclei energy spectra measured aboard the Space Shuttle and on HEAO 3 are presently discussed in the framework of a leaky-box model; the source energy spectrum required for a fit, at E exp -2.2 for all nuclear species, is slightly steeper than a previous estimate. These data are presented in terms of total energy/particle, in order to allow direct comparison with the observed all-particle spectrum of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 403; 2; p. 658-662.
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  • 9
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    Preliminary separation of galactic and cosmic microwave emission for the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Preliminary models of microwave emission from the Milky Way Galaxy based on COBE and other data are constructed for the purpose of distinguishing cosmic and Galactic signals. Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) maps, with the modeled Galactic emission removed, are fitted for a quadrupole distribution. Autocorrelation functions for individual Galactic components are presented. When Galactic emission is removed from the DMR data, the residual fluctuations are virtually unaffected, and therefore they are not dominated by any known Galactic emission component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 396; 1, Se; L7-L12
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