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  • SPACE BIOLOGY  (7)
  • 1975-1979  (7)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1
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    The Viking biological investigation - General aspects (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Viking biological investigation has tested four different hypotheses regarding the possible nature of Martian organisms. While significant results were obtained for each of these, tests of three of the hypotheses appear to indicate the absence of biology in the samples used, while the fourth is consistent with a biological interpretation. The original assumptions for each experiment and the experimental procedures that were utilized to test these assumptions are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    The Viking biological experiments on Mars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The three biological experiments on board the Viking Mars Landers are discussed. The gas exchange experiment provided periodic measurements of the composition and quantity of gases from Martian surface material, either in a humid or a wet nutrient sampling mode. The labeled release experiment demonstrated that adding an aqueous solution of dilute radioactive compounds to Martian material caused a rapid release of labeled gas. The results of the pyrolytic release experiment remain difficult to interpret. Data from the first two experiments suggest that oxidants (including H2O2 and iron oxide) rather than biota may account for all the observed reactions.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    General constraints on the Viking biology investigation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses some of the constraints pertaining to the Viking mission for detection of life on Mars, within which the Viking experiments were conceived, designed, and developed. The most important limitation to the entire study is the complete information about the nature of Mars, such as the chemical composition of the surface material of Mars and the exact identification of the constituents of that planet. Ways in which celestial mechanics places severe limitations on the Viking biology investigation are discussed. Major engineering constraints are examined relative to the accomodation of biology instrument inside the Viking lander and to the design of the instrument itself. Other constraints discussed concern the operational aspects of the mission and the testing program.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Origins of Life; 7; Aug. 197
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    The Viking mission search for life on Mars (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The scientific payload on the Viking Mars landers is described. Shortly after landing, two facsimile cameras capable of stereoscopic imaging will scan the landing site area in black and white, color, and infrared to reveal gross evidence of past or present living systems. A wide range mass spectrometer will record a complete mass spectrum for soil samples from mass 12 to mass 200 every 10.3 sec. Three experiments based on different assumptions on the nature of life on Mars, if it exists, will be carried out by the bio-lab. A pyrolytic release experiment is designed to measure photosynthetic or dark fixation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into organic compounds. A labelled release experiment will test for metabolic activity during incubation of a surface sample moistened with a solution of radioactively labelled simple organic compounds. A gas exchange experiment will detect changes in the gaseous medium surrounding a soil sample as the result of metabolic activity. The hardware, function, and terrestrial test results of the bio-lab experiments are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 262; July 1
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Simulation of the Viking biology experiments - An overview (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present paper, ground-based investigations of the Viking Martian biology data, which have resulted in reasonable simulations of these data, are reviewed. These simulations, which in strong oxidants, UV-treated materials, iron-containing clays, or iron salts were used as Martian analogs, are capable of explaining the ambiguity between the GCMS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry) experiments, in which no organic compounds were found on Mars, and the Labeled Release experiments, in which added organics were decomposed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 14; Dec. 197
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  • 6
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    The Viking biological investigations - Review and status (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The three experimental approaches incorporated into the Viking biology instrument have yielded results that are most readily explained as nonbiological phenomena. The predominant view among investigators trying to simulate the Mars results is that the surface material of Mars contains strongly oxidizing compounds which would account for many of the more intense reactions seen on Mars. Other mechanisms are also currently being proposed and studied.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Origins of Life; 9; Dec. 197
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  • 7
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    The Viking biological investigation - Preliminary results (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary progress report is presented for the Viking biological investigation through its first month. The carbon assimilation, gas exchange, and labeled release experiments are described in detail, and the chronology of the experiments is outlined. For the first experiment, it is found that a small amount of gas was converted into organic material in one sample and that heat treatment of a duplicate sample prevented such conversion. In the second experiment, a substantial amount of O2 was detected along with significant increases in CO2 and small changes in N2. In the third experiment, a significant amount of radioactive gas was evolved from one sample, but not from a duplicate heat-treated sample. Possible biological and nonbiological interpretations are considered for these results. It is concluded that while the experiments provide clear evidence for the occurrence of chemical reactions and while the results do not violate any prima facie criteria for biological processes, a definitive answer cannot yet be given to the question of whether life exists on Mars.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
    Format: text
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