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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Co-conformation ; Molecular recognition ; Planar chirality ; Rotaxanes ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The template-directed syntheses of three [2]rotaxanes possessing either chiral centers or elements of planar chirality, in one of their two mechanically interlocked components, have been realized and their solid-state structures have been analyzed by X-ray crystallography. In one instance, an enantiomerically pure dumbbell-shaped component incorporating a 1,5-dioxynaphthalene recognition site and two (1R,2S,5R)-menthyl stoppers was employed to template the formation of the achiral tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). The resulting enantiomerically pure [2]rotaxane was isolated in a yield of 55%. In the other two instances, an achiral 1,5-dioxynaphthalene-based dumbbell-shaped component was employed to template the formation of bipyridinium-based cyclophanes possessing either one or two elements of planar chirality. The resulting [2]rotaxane, possessing one element of planar chirality, was isolated as a racemate in a yield of 24%. The related [2]rotaxane, possessing two elements of planar chirality, was isolated as a mixture of a meso form and an enantiomeric pair in an overall yield of 28%. The 1H-NMR-spectroscopic analysis of this mixture revealed a diastereoisomeric ratio of 4:1. A degenerate co-conformational change was identified by variable-temperature 1H-NMR spectroscopy in all [2]rotaxanes. The symmetry loss arising from the introduction of one or two elements of planar chirality enabled the elucidation of the mechanism of this dynamic process in two instances.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclophanes ; Molecular recognition ; Molecular shuttles ; Rotaxanes ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Two dumbbell-shaped compounds (8 and 11), each composed of two polyether chains intercepted by a 1,4-dioxybenzene recognition site, terminated by tetraarylmethane-based stoppers, and emanating from a central 9,10- or a 2,6-dioxyanthracene unit, have been synthesized. Two [2]rotaxanes (9 · 4 PF6 and 12 · 4 PF6) have been prepared by interlocking these dumbbell-shaped compounds (8 and 11) with a bipyridinium-based tetracationic cyclophane (15 · 4 PF6) - namely, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). A [3]rotaxane (10 · 8 PF6) incorporating two cyclophane components (15 · 4 PF6) was also obtained when the 9,10-dioxyanthracene-containing dumbbell-shaped compound (8) incorporating two 1,4-dioxybenzene recognition sites was employed. The 1H-NMR spectroscopic investigation of the [2]rotaxanes (9 · 4 PF6 and 12 · 4PF6) revealed that the cyclophane component encircles one of the two 1,4-dioxybenzene recognition sites in the 9,10-dioxyanthracene-containing [2]rotaxane (9 · 4 PF6) and the 2,6-dioxyanthracene unit in the other [2]rotaxane (12 · 4 PF6). These structures have been confirmed by UV/Vis and electrochemical experiments. Comparison with the spectroscopic properties of simple model compounds shows the presence of electronic interactions which lead to (i) the occurrence of very efficient energy transfer processes in the dumbbell-shaped components and (ii) perturbations in the absorption spectra with appearance of two charge-transfer absorption bands and complete luminescence quenching in the [2]rotaxanes. For the 2,6-dioxyanthracene-containing [2]rotaxane (12 · 4 PF6), it has been demonstrated that the cyclophane can be displaced from the dioxyanthracene to the 1,4-dioxybenzene station upon electrochemical oxidation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Cyclophanes ; Electrochemistry ; Electronic spectroscopy ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Catenanes composed of two, three, five, or seven interlocked macrocycles have been synthesized in yields ranging from 1 to 30%. Their template-directed syntheses rely on a series of cooperative noncovalent bonding interactions between π-electron rich 1,5-dioxynaphthalene ring systems and π-electron deficient bipyridinium units which are incorporated within the macrocyclic components. The interlocked structure associated with one of the [3]catenanes was demonstrated unequivocally by single crystal X-ray analysis which also revealed the formation of polar stacks stabilized by intermolecular [π···π] interactions. The number of interlocked components of each catenane was determined by liquid secondary ion, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight, and/or electrospray mass spectrometries. The absorption spectra, emission spectra, and electrochemical properties of the macrocyclic components and of the catenanes have been investigated. Two kinds of charge-transfer absorption bands (intramolecular in the cyclophanes containing electron-donor and electron-acceptor units, intercomponent in the catenanes) have been found. Such charge-transfer excited states are responsible for the quenching of the potentially fluorescence units of the cyclophanes, and of the crown ethers in the catenanes. Charge-transfer electronic interactions are also evidenced by the electrochemical behavior. Correlations among the redox potentials of the various compounds are reported and discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2565-2571 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Molecular recognition ; Rotaxanes ; Self-assembly ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three dumbbell-shaped compounds incorporating terminal triisopropylsilyl stoppers, connected to a central 1,5-dioxynaphthalene recognition site by [-CH2CH2O-]n spacers (n = 1-3), have been synthesized. These compounds have been employed as templates for the synthesis of [2]rotaxanes incorporating cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) as the ring component. It was found that the length of the polyether chains of the templates influences the efficiencies of the template-directed syntheses. Rotaxane formation occurs only if n 〉 1 and, when n = 3 the corresponding [2]rotaxane can be isolated in a yield as high as 72 %. This remarkable yield is the highest ever obtained for the template-directed syntheses of [2]rotaxanes incorporating donor/acceptor interactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Mechanically interlocked molecules ; Molecular recognition ; Rotaxanes ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -A [2]catenane, able to bind π-electron-rich guests inside the cavity of one of its two macrocyclic components has been designed and synthesized using supramolecular assistance. This recognition motif has been exploited to template the formation of a so-called rotacatenane - i.e., a molecule composed of a dumbbell-shaped component threaded through the cavity of one of the two mechanically interlocked macrocyclic components of a [2]catenane. The structure of this [2]catenane, as well as that of a model [2]catenane, have been characterized unequivocally by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Furthermore, some of the co-conformational changes associated with these mechanically interlocked molecules in solution have been probed by variable-temperature 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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