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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geochemistry of two hard water rivers, the Rhine and the Rhone, Part 4: The determination of the solubility product of 10750oxy-apatite (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 126 (1985), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: calcium ; o-phosphate ; apatite ; solubility product ; Rhine ; Rhone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ionic product of 10750oxy-apatite has been calculated from data sets from the hard water rivers Rhine and Rhone. An overall value of 10−50 has been obtained, but this value has an uncertainty due to the uncertainty of the third ionisation constant of phosphoric acid. Implicitly it has been shown that these rivers are saturated with respect to 10750oxy-apatite and that thus calcium controls the solubility of o-phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008383
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geochemistry of two hard water rivers, the Rhine and the Rhone: Part 1: Presentation and screening of data (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 126 (1985), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: calcium ; bicarbonate ; sulphate ; acidity ; Rhine ; Rhone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on the chemical composition of the hard water rivers Rhine and Rhone, published elsewhere, are stored in a new data bank, RRQUE. In this paper the seasonal variation in pH and concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate and sulphate at 7 stations in the Rhine and 7 in the Rhone are described. The concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate and sulphate show important increases with increasing distance from the source. In both rivers acidification gradually occurs downstream and is thought to be caused by the decomposition of disposed organic matter. It is shown that the normal seasonal patterns of these 4 chemical variables are negated by anthropogenic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008380
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geochemistry of two hard water rivers, the Rhine and the Rhone. Part 2: The apparent solubility of calcium carbonate (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 126 (1985), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: solubility product ; calcium carbonate ; pH ; Rhine ; Rhone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ionic products of CaCO3 have been calculated for 7 stations in the Rhine and for 7 stations in the Rhone over periods of 9 and 7 years respectively. The ionic products exceed the solubility product, indicating a supersaturation with CaCO3. It is demonstrated that the ionic product is related to the pH according to IPc = A.pHB. The values obtained for A and B for the different stations vary per station and per year. The four regression lines, however, differ numerically very little between pH 7 and 8. Supersaturation with CaCO3 of hard waters thus seems to depend on the pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008381
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geochemistry of two hard water rivers, the Rhine and the Rhone: Part 3: The relations between calcium, bicarbonate, sulphate and pH (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 126 (1985), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: pH ; calcium ; bicarbonate ; sulphate ; Rhine ; Rhone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the hard water rivers Rhine and Rhone the quotient Ca/HCO3 is strongly related to the sulphate concentration and not to the pH. The relationship can be described (by least square analysis) for the Rhine: Ca/HCO3) = 0.70 + 0.5 (SO4), for the Rhone: (Ca/HCO3) = 0.85 + 0.43 (SO4). With a Teissier analysis (reduced major axis) a slope for both rivers of 0.58 has been found. These values equal the theoretically expected value of 0.5, when a solution of CaSO4 is added to a saturated solution of CaCO3. The source of the CaSO4 (gypsum) is thought to be natural in the Rhone and anthropogenic in the Rhine. Acidification of both rivers is probably the result of decomposition of disposed organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008382
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