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  • Sitobion avenae  (2)
  • Pseudoreplication  (1)
  • Tsunami
  • General Chemistry
  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of wheat resistance, the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi, and the entomopathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis, on population dynamics of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sitobion avenae ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi ; Pandora neoaphidis ; Entomophthorales ; tritrophic effects ; wheat resistance ; natural enemies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) resistance, the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphiDe Stephani-Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the entomopathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis(Remaudière et Hennebert) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on the density and population growth rate of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae(F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Partial wheat resistance was based on hydroxamic acids, a family of secondary metabolites characteristic of several cultivated cereals. The partial resistance of wheat cultivar Naofén, the action of the parasitoid and the joint action of the parasitoid and fungus, reduced aphid density. The lowest aphid densities were obtained with the combination of the parasitoid and the fungus, but wheat resistance under these circumstances did not improve aphid control. Significant reductions of population growth rate (PGR) of aphids were obtained with the joint action of wheat resistance and natural enemies. In particular, the combined effects of parasitoids and fungi showed significantly lower PGR than the control without natural enemies in both wheat cultivars. Our results support the hypothesis that wheat resistance and the utilization of biological control agents could be complementary strategies in an integrated pest management program against cereal aphids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004048600899
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pseudoreplication and Its Frequency in Olfactometric Laboratory Studies (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1423-1431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoreplication ; experimental design ; olfactometer ; wind tunnel ; semiochemical ; statistical independence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The evaluation of behavioral responses of an organism to a particular stimulus normally implies the design of a bioassay. Measurements of the response in a number of replicates are necessary to perform inferential statistics and therefore accept or reject a hypothesis about the effect of the stimulus on the behavior of the organism under study. In the present article, we address the importance of pseudoreplication in studies of chemical ecology, particularly in laboratory experiments on olfactory responses of insects to semiochemicals in olfactometers and wind tunnels. Pseudoreplication may be caused by lack of independence in the stimulus or the experimental device, the reutilization of test insects, or the use of groups of test insects, without adequate statistical analysis addressing such dependency. Each and all of the cases reviewed (N = 105) lacked information in at least one of the factors listed above; hence no cases could be said with certainty to be free of pseudoreplication. Forty-nine cases (46.7%) contained explicit information revealing that pseudoreplication existed in terms of one or more of the criteria listed above; in only three of these cases did the authors address statistically the stated dependence of the samples. Pseudoreplication due to different factors ranged from 2% to 30% of the cases, with an average of 13%. The most frequent sources of pseudoreplication were the reuse of the device and the use of groups of test insects. The analysis showed the low importance given to obtaining independent replicates in bioassays involving olfactometric responses of insects to semiochemicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005583624795
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Two Wheat Cultivars Differing in Hydroxamic Acid Concentration on Detoxification Metabolism in the AphidSitobion avenae (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2725-2736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitobion avenae ; aphids ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA ; detoxification ; cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases ; NADPH cytochrome c reductase ; glutathione S-transferases ; esterases ; catalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxamic acids (Hx) are wheat secondary metabolites conferring resistance for cereals against aphids. The activity of five enzymatic systems were evaluated in the aphid Sitobion avenae reared on the high-Hx wheat cultivar Chagual and the low-Hx wheat cultivar Huayún for 10 generations. Enzyme solutions were prepared from aphid homogenates and assayed for mixed function oxidases (including cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and NADPH cytochrome c reductase), glutathione S-transferases, esterases, and catalase. Specific activities per aphid individual of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, glutathione S-transferases, and esterases were significantly increased in wheat cultivars relative to oat (only marginal increase of esterases in Chagual). Aphids fed on cv. Huayún showed an overall higher induction of enzymatic systems than those fed on cv. Chagual. Comparison of these results with reported effects of Hx on detoxifying enzymes in other insects, including aphids, support the hypothesis that these enzymatic pathways play an important role in the detoxification of toxic host-plant secondary metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026481524896
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