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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogels from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and propylene glycol monoacrylatePresented at the 148th Meeting, American Chemical Society, Chicago, September 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2425-2435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydrophilic three-dimensional polymer networks (hydrogels) were prepared from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and propylene glycol monacrylate (PGMA). By wet crosslinking, hydrogels which maintain their original shape and volume relatively well, compared with the dry-cross-linked polymer networks, were obtained. The maximum amount of water which can be maintained in transparent hydrogels depends on the hydrophilicity of the monomers, e. g., about 40% for HEMA gels, about 50% for PGMA gels, and 40-50% for HEMA-PGMA copolymer gels depending on the monomer composition. When the water content exceeds this maximum in transparent gels (homogeneous hydrogels), they become opaque and/or spongy (heterogeneous hydrogels). Effects of the amount of crosslinking agent and the initial dilution of the monomer solution upon the swelling behavior of hydrogels were investigated. The temperature dependence of the swelling of these hydrogels and the water permeation through them were also studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090707
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma-polymerized films of trimethylsilane deposited on cold-rolled steel substrates. Part 1. Characterization by XPS, AES and TOF-SIMS (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 845-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Plasma-polymerized coatings on metal substrates have been suggested as corrosion protection layers, but not much is known about the properties of these films and how these properties relate to the corrosion performance of coated metals. In this study, trimethylsilane plasma films were deposited on cold-rolled steel (CRS) under different deposition conditions. Angular-dependent XPS, AES and time-of-flight (TOF)-SIMS were used to characterize the films. These three techniques were highly complementary in nature. All films were silicon-based and the hydrocarbon content was a function of the deposition conditions. The AES depth profiles indicated that pretreatment of the substrate with oxygen had a significant effect on the type of film produced. Both TOF-SIMS and XPS revealed that the surface of the film was different from the bulk. The surface was oxygen-rich and was apparently modified upon exposure of the plasma film to the atmosphere. Both silicon and carbon were highly oxidized in the surface layers. Thus, these plasma films consist of at least three distinctly different regions: an interfacial region where the film is intimately mixed with the metal oxide; a bulk region with approximately the same elemental composition as the monomer; and a highly oxidized surface region. A correlation between the type of plasma film produced and the deposition conditions is discussed briefly.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740201008
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESCA study of polymer surfaces treated by plasma (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 991-1019 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Surfaces of polymers [polyethylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(oxymethylene), cellulose acetate, polyacrylonitrile, nylon 6, and polytetrafluoroethylene] treated with argon (inert) and nitrogen (reactive) plasma were examined by ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis). Argon plasma treatment generally introduces oxygen functionalities into the polymer surface. Nitrogen treatment generally incorporates nitrogen and oxygen functionalities into the treated surface. The extent of oxygen incorporation is typically less than that produced by argon plasma. When nitrogen and oxygen functional groups are already in a polymer structure, the extent of additional incorporation of these two elements as a result of plasma treatment is very much less than with other polymers. Polymers which contain only one of the elements tend to incorporate the other element to much the same degree as polymers without either element initially present.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150420
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of polymer deposition in plasma polymerization. III. Effect of discharge power (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 16 (1978), S. 2587-2592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Distribution of polymer deposition in an inductively coupled rf discharge system is studied as a function of level of discharge power with acetylene and styrene as monomers. When a fixed flow rate is used, the discharge power has a relatively small effect on the pattern of distribution of polymer deposition as long as values of W/FM, where W is discharge wattage, F is flow rate, and M is molecular weight of monomer, are maintained above a critical level to maintain full glow in the reaction tube. It has been shown that plasma polymerization of two monomers which have different molecular weights can be compared in a fair manner by selecting conditions to yield similar value of W/FM.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170161013
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of plasma polymerization of fluorine-containing organic compounds (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 2411-2425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of perfluorocarbons and fluorohydrocarbons was investigated by using both continuous and pulsed rf discharge (100 μsec on and 900 μsec off). Plasma polymerization of perfluorocarbons is generally slower than that of hydrocarbons, which seems to be due to the absence of contribution of fluorine detachment to the plasma polymerization. Presence of multiple bond(s) or cyclic structure in a monomer is necessary to obtain high enough polymerization; however, the plasma polymerization mechanism postulated to plasma polymerization of hydrocarbons is still valid to these monomers. Cyclic structure is very effective to enhance the plasma polymerization capability of perfluorocarbons. Saturated straight-chain perfluorocarbons do not polymerize well in plasma, but the grafting of fluorine-containing functions on the surface of polymeric substrate can be achieved by the plasma of these compounds. The effect of pulse on the plasma polymerization was found to be similar to that found for hydrocarbons.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170151011
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of polymer deposition in plasma polymerization. I. Acetylene, ethylene, and the effect of carrier gas (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 16 (1978), S. 229-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Factors which influence the distribution of polymer deposition in an electrodeless glow-discharge system were investigated for acetylene and ethylene. Under the conditions in which “full glow” is maintained, the distribution of polymer deposition from pure monomer flow systems is nearly independent of flow rate of monomer or of the system pressure in discharge, but is largely determined by the characteristic (absolute) polymerization rates (not deposition rate) of the monomers. Acetylene has a high tendency to deposit polymer near the monomer inlet, whereas ethylene deposits polymer more uniformly in wider areas in the reactor. The addition of carrier gas such as argon or partially copolymerizing gas such as N2, H2, and CCl2F2 was found to narrow the distribution of polymer deposition. The distribution of polymer deposition is also influenced by a glow characteristic which is dependent on flow rate and discharge power.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170160122
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of para-xylylene derivatives (parylene polymerization). II. Heat effects during deposition of parylene C at different temperatures (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 2255-2277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermal effects accompanying vacuum deposition of poly(chloro-para-xylylene) in the temperature range between -196 and 0°C have been studied using two separate methods. One is based on the recording of the rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen and it is used for the deposition at -196°C, and the second involves the recording of changes in the substrate temperature and is used for the deposition in the range of -162 to 0°C. These methods enable us to observe two distinct effects: fast (discrete), resulting in the appearance of sharp, exothermic spikes; and slow (continuous), resulting in the shift of the baseline. The shift of the baseline exhibits a well-defined maximum at about -65°C and this temperature is attributed to the melting point of the monomer. The fast process always occurs below this temperature and is explained as a solid state, chain addition polymerization. The quantification of the heat effect at -196°C strongly suggests that the quinonoid form of the monomer participates in the propagation step of this chain reaction. The fast (solid state) and the continuous modes of polymerization may occur simultaneously in the range of about -140 and -65°C. The frequency of the initiation which is the formation of dimer radical seems to control the occurrence of these two modes of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.170230815
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereospecific polymerization of acetaldehyde by R2AlOR′ catalyst (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 1421-1434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Stereospecific polymerization of acetaldehyde was examined by using four possible purified diethylaluminum butoxides, (Et2AlOBu)2 [Bu = n-, i-, sec-, or tert-Bu], as catalyst. These catalysts gave isotactic polyacetaldehyde quantitatively irrespective of the degree of branching of the butyl group, only when an optimum amount of water (about 0.03 mole/mole of catalyst) was added to the purified acetaldehyde monomer. Quite similar results were obtained for organozinc catalysts. These results indicate that water is an indispensable cocatalyst in the polymerization reaction with organoaluminum and zinc catalysts. An novel coordinate cationic mechanism was proposed for the stereospecific polymerization of acetaldehyde with organoaluminums, based on the above phenomena and on the inactivation of the catalyst by forming a complex with a strong Lewis base.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.170110625
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma polymerization of some organic compounds and properties of the polymers (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 14 (1976), S. 195-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Plasma polymerizations (under 13.5-MHz radiofrequency inductively coupled glow discharge) of some organic compounds are investigated by their properties (elemental analysis, surface energy, and infrared spectra) and their relations to the concentrations of free radicals in the polymers as detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Monomers that have been investigated are hexamethyldisiloxane, tetrafluoroethylene, acetylene, acetylene/N2, acetylene/H2O, acetylene/N2/H2O, allene, allene/N2, allene/H2O, allene/N2/H2O, ethylene, ethylene/N2, ethylene oxide, propylamine, allylamine, propionitrile, and acrylonitrile. Plasma-polymerized polymers generally contain oxygen, even if the starting monomers do not contain oxygen. This oxygen incorporation is related to the free-radical concentration in the polymer. Molecular nitrogen copolymerizes with other organic monomers such as acetylene, allene, and ethylene, and their properties are very similar to those of plasma-polymerized polymers from nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines and nitriles. The addition of water to the monomer mixture reduces in a dramatic manner the concentration of free radicals in the polymer and consequently the oxygen-incorporation after the polymer is exposed to air. The concentrations of free radicals (by ESR) are directly correlated to the change of the properties of plasma-polymerized polymers with time of exposure to the atmosphere. These changes are primarily the introduction of carbonyl (and possibly hydroxyl) groups. The addition of water to the plasma introduces these groups during the polymerization.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1976.170140118
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of plasma polymerization investigated by pulsed R.F. discharge (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 81-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of organic compounds in glow discharge (plasma polymerization) was investigated by using pulsed R.F. discharge (100 μsec on, 900 μsec off). The effects of pulsed discharge on polymer deposition rate, pressure change in plasma, ESR signals of free spins in both plasma polymer and substrate, and the contact angle of water on the plasma polymer surface were investigated for various organic compounds. The results are correlated to the mechanisms of polymer formation in plasma (plasma polymerization) which has been postulated as repeating processes of stepwise (propagation) reactions. The effect of the pulse is different from one group of organic compounds to another depending on whether or not they contain an olefinic double bond and/or a triple bond. The main difference seems to be the addition polymerization which can occur exclusively during the off-period of pulsed discharge. Ultraviolet emission from pulsed discharge is much less than from continuous discharge. Consequently, the fragmentation of the monomer and the free-radical formation in the substrate are less with the pulsed discharge. Properties of polymers from some organic compounds formed in continuous and in pulsed discharge were found to be significantly different, and the differences were postulated from the changes of polymerization mechanisms in the pulsed discharge.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150109
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