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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8,109)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berichte über Tagungen und Messen (1972)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 3 (1972), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19720030212
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some types of organic high polymers and permutoids provided with active groups: Their synthesis, optical properties, and reactivityPresented at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, September, 1951. (1952)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 191-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and the properties of permutoids with ionic active groups and the kinetics of the decomposition of diazoacetic ester and of nitrosomethylurea through the ionic active groups are dealt with. A discussion follows of the synthesis of high polymers and permutoids with active groups of the chlorophyll and hemin series obtained by the introduction of the corresponding active groups into high-polymeric compounds, by copolymerization, and by inclusion of the prosthetic group in the polycondensation process. A report is added on the optical properties of the high-molecular compounds provided with active groups and on remarkable differences between low-molecular compounds in a dissolved state and as active groups linked to high polymers. The apparatuses developed for taking absorption and reflection spectra are described. Finally, the catalytic effect of the high polymers provided with active groups of the hemin series is examined.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1952.120080206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein-platelet interaction on heparinized surfaces (1969)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 69-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Heparin-coated surfaces exhibit prolonged compatibility with blood in vitro and in vivo. Deposition of platelets occurs on heparinized surfaces and results in thrombocytopenia, if the surface area is sufficient. Interaction of platelets with heparin-coated materials appears to depend on a protein intermediate. Precoating of heparinized surfaces with fibrinogen solutions, platelet-free plasma, serum, or exhausted or bentonite-adsorbed plasma does not protect against platelet interaction but incubation in albumin reduces platelet adsorption. The behavior of platelets in respect to protein-coated heparinized surfaces parallels the selective adsorption of specific proteins by platelets in suspension.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820030107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal ion-induced toxic histamine release from human basophils and mast cells (1998)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 39 (1998), S. 560-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: basophils ; mast cells ; metal ions ; toxic histamine release ; apoptosis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Recent data suggest that distinct metal ions can be released from dental alloys or other biomaterials, and may cause toxic effects on various cells. In this study, the effects of 14 metal ions on histamine release from human blood basophils (n = 4), isolated tissue mast cells (lung n = 8, uterus n = 2, skin n = 1, gingiva n = 1), the basophil cell line KU-812, and the mast cell line HMC-1 were analyzed. Of the 14 metal ions, Ag+ (0.33 mM) and Hg2+ (0.33 mM) were found to induce release of histamine in blood basophils, KU-812, mast cells, and HMC-1. The effects of Ag+ and Hg2+ were dose dependent and were observed within 60 min of incubation. In primary mast cells and basophils, Au3+ (0.33 mM) also induced histamine release, whereas no effects of Au3+ on HMC-1 or KU-812 cells were seen. The other metal ions showed no effects on primary or immortal cells within 60 min. However, Pt4+ (0.33 mM) induced histamine liberation in HMC-1 and lung mast cells after 12 h. The Ag+- and Hg2+-induced rapid release of histamine from HMC-1 was associated with ultrastructural signs of necrosis, but not apoptosis. In contrast, prolonged exposure to Pt4+ (0.33 mM, 14 h) induced apoptotic cell death in HMC-1 cells, as assessed by electron microscopy and DNA analysis. Together, certain metal ions induce distinct cytopathogenic effects in mast cells and basophils. Whereas Ag+, Hg2+, and Au3+ cause direct toxicity, Pt4+ causes cell death through induction of apoptosis. Whether such effects contribute to local adverse reactions to metal-containing biomaterials in vivo remains to be determined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 560-567, 1998.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über den Einfluß des Sauerstoffgehaltes, des pH all und der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit auf die Korrosion feuerverzinkter und unverzinkter unlegierter Stahlrohre in Trinkwasser (1982)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 346-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of oxygen content, pH and flow velocity under corrosion of hot-dip galvanized and bare piping of unalloyed steel in potable waterSections and weighed ring specimens from galvanized and nongalvanized tubes had been exposed to flowing tap water with different flow rates and oxygen concentrations of 0.01-4 mg/l at pH 7.2 and 8.0 for 3.5 ys. Specimens taken at different testing times had been investigated with respect to data of protective layers, corrosion manifestation and weight loss. The corrosion rate is nearly constant in the first weeks (initial corrosion), later it follows a power law (stationary corrosion). These two phases of corrosion are determined by the testing parameters differently. Thus, results from short-time experiments of some weeks cannot inform on the stationary behaviour. In oxygen free tap water remarkable corrosion occurs due to the acids H2CO3 and HCO3-. The corrosion resistance is supported by high oxygen content, high pH, flow rate and by galvanizing.
    Notes: Rohrabschnitte und gewogene Ringe jeweils aus unverzinktem und verzinktem Stahl waren über 3,5 Jahre unterschiedlich strömenden Wässern mit 0,01 bis 4 mg/l O2 bei pH 7,2 und 8,0 ausgesetzt. Proben wurden zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten entnommen und hinsichtlich Deckschichten, Korrosionserscheinungen und Massenverlust untersucht. Die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit ist in den ersten Wochen nahezu linear (Anfangskorrosion) und folgt dann einem Potenzgesetz (stationäre Korrosion). Die beiden Korrosionsphasen werden durch die Einflußgrößen unterschiedlich bestimmt, so daß aus Versuchen von einigen Wochen Dauer nicht auf das stationäre Verhalten geschlossen werden darf. In sauerstofffreien Wässern findet merkbare Korrosion durch die Sauren H2CO3 und HCO3- statt. Gunstig für die Korrosionsbeständigkeit sind hoher Sauerstoffgehalt, hoher pH, Wasserströmung und die Verzinkung.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19820330605
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neue Verfahren der IR-freien Potentialmessung beim kathodischen Korrosionsschutz erdverlegter Rohrleitungen (1983)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 230-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New methods for potential measurement without internal resistance (IR) in cathodic protection of underground pipelinesThe reliability of the cathodic protection depends on whether the potential measurement is free of errors or not. The main source of errors results from voltage drops in the soil. In the case of strongly fluctuating currents the true pipe-to-soil potential can be determined by measuring voltages above the pipe-line and extrapolating these values. This method supposes that the pipe coating has many holidays. The method is not applicable for well coated pipe-lines with the exception of such points where holidays are located.In the case of protected structures with locally different polarisation the off-potentials which normally indicate the true pipe-to-soil potentials can become erroneous due to voltage drops of compensating currents (cell current). Assuming an ideally same distribution of both the protection current and the compensating current the true pipe-to-soil potential can be calculated by measuring the on-and off-potentials and the voltage drop perpendicular to the pipe-line at the soil surface.These relationships can be experimentally verified with an electrolytic cell in the laboratory. In the field, however, deviations from identical distribution of the mentioned currents are possible due to interference of the potential fields of anodes and cathodes. the voltage drops due to compensating currents explain both possible corrosion damage in spite of sufficiently negative values of the off-potential and misinterpretation in the case of hot spot protection. From these results it can be shown that one cannot do away with external probes.
    Notes: Die Sicherheit des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes ist von der Fehlerfreiheit der Potentialmessung abhängig. Hierbei kommen als Fehler vor allem Ohmsche Spannungsabfälle im Erdboden infrage. Bei stark veränderlichen Strömen kann aus Messungen des Spannungsabfalls über der Rohrleitung das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential örtlich durch Extrapolation bestimmt werden, wenn die Rohrumhüllung verhältnismäßig viele Fehlstellen enthält. Das Verfahren ist sehr aufwendig und für gut umhüllte Rohrleitungen nicht anwendbar, wenn man von georteten Fehlstellen in der Umhüllung absieht.Bei stark unterschiedlich polarisierten Objekten können die sonst gut verwertbaren Ausschaltpotentiale durch Spannungsabfälle der Ausgleichsströme verfälscht sein. Für eine ideal gleiche Verteilung von Schutz-und Ausgleichsströmen läßt sich mit Hilfe der gemessenen Rohr/Boden-Potentiale und der Potentialdifferenzen senkrecht zur Rohrleitung bei ein- und ausgeschaltetem Schutzstrom das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential errechnen. Durch Versuche im elektrolytischen Trog konnten diese Zusammenhänge experimentell bewiesen werden. In der Praxis können Abweichungen vom idealen Verhalten auftreten, wenn die Spannungstrichter von Anode und Kathode sich beeinflussen. Die durch Ausgleichsströme verursachten Spannungstrichter erklären mögliche Schäden trotz scheinbar ausreichender negativer Ausschaltpotentialwerte und Fehlaussagen beim Lokalen kathodischen Korrosionsschutz. Damit wird verdeutlicht, daß auf externe Meßproben nicht verzichtet werden kann.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19830340503
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Optisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Korrosionsneigung von Automobilfeinblechen (1989)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 40 (1989), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of the corrosion behaviour of car-body steel by optical methodsFor optimum corrosion protection in car manufacturing it is of importance to test the corrosion properties of the low carbon steel in addition to the quality of the surface coating. For this purpose it is necessary to apply methods which can be used on-line as it is the case by reflectance spectroscopy.The composition and the thickness of the oxide layer on the steel can be determined by analyzing the spectral absorption of the oxide layer. It is sufficient to detect the intensity of the reflected light at three different wave-lengths by a filter system. From these intensities a corrosion index can be calculated with a high correlation to the corrosion under paint.Various data from other investigations will be presented and analyzed by factor analysis.
    Notes: Um einen optimalen Korrosionsschutz im Automobilbau gewährleisten zu können, ist neben den dort heute schon intensiv geprüften Vorbehandlungs- und Lackschutzeigenschaften auch eine Kontrolle der eingesetzten Feinbleche auf ihr Korrosionsverhalten notwendig. Im Hinblick auf eine kontinuierliche Blecheingangskontrolle ist eine „on-line“ Prüfung anzustreben.Durch reflexionsspektroskopische Messungen im sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereich kann gezeigt werden, daß die Erfassung der Zusammensetzung und Dicke der atmosphärisch gebildeten Oxidschicht auf der Blechoberfläche cine Vorhersage des Korrosionsverhaltens von beschichteten Blechen gestattet.Hierbei ist es ausreichend, die Remissionswerte mit einem einfachen Dreifiltergerät bei ausgewählten Wellenlängen zu bestimmen.Zusammen mit dem aus weiteren Untersuchungen angefallenen Datenmaterial werden die verschiedenen Meßgrößen mittels der Faktorenanalyse auf ihre Korrelation zu Freibewitterungsergebnissen untersucht.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19890400904
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probleme der IR-freien Potentialmessung in Gegenwart von Ausgleichsströmen (1988)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 18-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Problems related to the measurement of IR-drop free potentials in the presence of compensating currentsFor supervision of the cathodic protection of pipelines the potentials must be measured free from ohmic drops. In general, off-potentials are measured in this context. By this technique only the ohmic drops caused by the protection current can be eliminated, but not the ohmic drops caused by compensating or cell currents. With the help of simulated tests it can be shown that it is possible to calculate true potentials using pipe-to-soil potentials and potential gradients at the soil surface for “on” and “off” conditions. Errors associated with reference electrodes have a strong influence on the calculated values. Practical examples show that completely unreasonable values can be obtained.Possibilities leading to errors of reference electrodes are discussed. Electrodes with KCl or NH4NO3 electrolytes are to be preferred. Further possibilities of errors related to soil parameters require additional detailed investigations.
    Notes: Für die Überwachung des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes von Rohrleitungen müssen die Potentiale möglichst frei von ohmschen Spannungsabfällen gemessen werden. Hierzu wird im allgemeinen die Ausschaltmethode angewendet. Dabei lassen sich aber nur die ohmschen Spannungsabfälle des Schutzstromes, nicht die von Element- oder Ausgleichsströmen eliminieren. Mit Hilfe von Modellbetrachtungen kann gezeigt werden, daß eine Berechnung der wahren Potentiale gelingt, wenn Ein- und Ausschaltwerte von Potentialen und Potentialgradienten auf der Erdoberfläche vorliegen. Dabei gehen aber mit einem großen Faktor Elektrodenfehler der Bezugselektroden ein. Praktische Beispiele zeigen, daß völlig unvernünftige Resultate erhalten werden können.Es werden mehrere Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die als Ursachen für Elektrodenfehler infrage kommen. Demnach sind Bezugselektroden-Systeme mit KCl oder NH4NO3-Lösungen vorzuziehen. Weitere Fehlerursachen, die im wesentlichen auf bodenseitige Parameter zurückzuführen sind, bedürfen noch einer näheren Untersuchung.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19880390104
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Einfluß der Festigkeit unlegierter und niedriglegierter Stähle auf H-induzierte Korrosionserscheinungen bei zügiger plastischer Belastung (1992)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of mechanical strength on hydrogen-induced corrosion effects on unalloyed and low-alloysteels subjected to slow strain rate testsThree steels were subjected to various heat treatments or cold working to produce 7 variants of strength. Specimens from these materials were tested in 9 aqueous solutions containing various acidic components by the constant strain rate technique under cathodic polarisation or free corrosion conditions. Hydrogen induced cracks were only observed after passing the maximum load. Hydrogen induced cracking and the decrease in the reduction of area (hydrogen embrittlement) show a good correlation with the mechanical properties of the materials. For less ductile materials the number of cracks decreased with increased embrittlement.The magnitude of hydrogen embrittlement depends on the concentration of undissociated acid in the test solution and is independent of pH value. O2 can reduce the embrittlement. The effect of test solution composition decreases as the cathodic polarisation potential becomes more negative, because hydrogen will then be generated from H2O.There is no correlation between the type of corrosion effects and the strength of the material, except in the case of highly sensitive high strength variants with Rm in excess of 1000 N/mm2. Quenched and tempered low alloy steels, even at high strength levels, have significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than unalloyed steels. The same is also ture for workhardened variants. For unalloyed steels, metallurgical cleanness seems to have a favourable influence.No hydrogen induced corrosion effects were observed in specimens tested at 907°C under free corrosion conditions.
    Notes: Aus drei verschiedenen Stählen wurden durch Kaltverformen oder Vergüten sieben verschiedene Probenarten unterschiedlicher Festigkeitsstufen erhalten und neun verschiedene Medien unterschiedlicher Säurekomponenten bei kathodischer Polarisation oder bei freier Korrosion dem langsamen Zugversuch (CERT) ausgesetzt. H-induzierte Risse traten dabei erst nach Überschreiten der Höchstlast auf. H-induzierte Rißbildung und Brucheinschnürung (Wasserstoff-Versprödung) zeigen eine für die mechanischen Eigenschaften kennzeichnende Korrelation. Bei weniger duktilen Werkstoffen nehmen die Risse bei starker Versprödung deutlich ab.Die Wasserstoffversprödung zeigt einen Zusammenhang mit der Konzentration undissoziierter Säure und ist unabhängig vom pH-Wert. O2 kann die Versprödung vermindern. Mit zunehmender kathodischer Polarisation gehen die Mediumeinflüsse zurück, weil die Wasserstoffentwicklung im wesentlichen aus H2O erfolgt.Zwischen den H-induzierten Korrosionserscheinungen und den Festigkeitswerten besteht keine Korrelation, wenn man von einer besonderen Empfindlichkeit sehr hochfester Stähle mit Rm über 1000 N/mm2 absieht. Niedriglegierte Stähle zeigen auch bei hohen Festigkeitswerten eine wesentlich bessere Beständigkeit gegen Wasserstoffversprödung als unlegierte Stähle. Dies gilt auch für kaltverformte Varianten. Bei den unlegierten Stählen hat der Reinheitsgrad einen positiven Einfluß.Untersuchungen bei 90°C zeigten keine Hinweise auf H-induzierte Korrosionserscheinungen bei freier Korrosion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19920430702
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  • 10
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    Dilute solution properties, chain stiffness, and liquid crystalline properties of cellulose propionate (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 1537-1544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: cellulose propionate ; solution properties ; liquid crystals ; light scattering ; viscometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solution properties of cellulose derivatives are of interest from both technological and purely scientific aspects. At high concentrations these solutions form liquid crystalline structures. In dilute solution cellulosic chains can be described as semiflexible or wormlike with properties intermediate between random coils and rigid rods. A series of fractions of cellulose propionate have been examined by dilute solution viscometry, static and dynamic light scattering, and polarizing microscopy. Power law exponents are considerably larger than those observed for flexible chains and analysis of the intrinsic viscosity and hydrodynamic radii has yielded chain diameters and Kuhn statistical segment lengths. Corresponding aspect ratios from the hydrodynamic measurements are in good agreement with those obtained from polarizing microscopy, as analyzed in light of Flory's theory. Some aggregation and specific solvent effects have been observed, however separation of these effects has proven to be difficult. Results of these studies are compared to previous work for other cellulose derivatives. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090331011
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