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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does Microgravity Influence Self-Assembly??We dedicate this paper to Dr. Edith Flanigen on the occasion of her recent retirement from research at UOP Edith had the amazing foresight to realize that crystalline porous materials should not just be viewed in terms of traditional zeolites and the linking together of tetrahedral silicate and aluminate building blocks but, rather more holistically, in the context of the entire periodic table. Now many of the elements of the periodic table are being linked together into a myriad of architecturally exquisite open frameworks. There is now as much research with open network materials as there is with dense-packed solids. The creative and lateral thinking of Dr. Robert Bedard around 1985 at Union Carbide led him, together with Dr. Edith Flanigen and two other coworkers, to invent the microporous metal sulfide class of materials in 1989 [1]. This is now an emerging and exciting subfield of materials chemistry [2] (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 9 (1997), S. 1133-1149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The templated syntheses of TMA2Sn3S7 and TBA2Sn4S9 (where TMA is tetramethylammonium and TBA is n-tetrabutylammonium) microporous layered tin(iv) sulfides have been carried out under both microgravity (μG) and earth (1G) conditions in order to elucidate the influence of gravity on the self-assembly and crystal-growth processes of this class of materials. The μG experiments were conducted on board the May 1996 Endeavour STS-77 NASA space-shuttle flight. It was determined that the long-range ordering of the porous layers and the population of defects but not the short-range ordering within the layers is influenced by gravity. Bulk and surface crystallinity, smoothness of crystal faces, optical quality, crystal habits, registry of the porous layers, and accessible void volume to adsorbates were found to be improved in the space-grown crystals. This is probably because the forces associated with the organization of the porous layers are expected to be weak and sensitive to the elimination of buoyancy-driven convective flows and Stokes sedimentation effects in a microgravity environment. One can draw an analogy to the weak forces between protein macromolecules and the established effect of microgravity on improving the diffraction quality of crystals harvested in space.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970091503
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of vinyl polymerization initiated by potassium permanganate/β-hydroxybutyric acid redox system (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 130 (1985), S. 67-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die wässrige Polymerisation von Acrylamid, die mit Kaliumpermanganat/β-Hydroxybuttersäure initiiert wurde, ist volumetrisch bei 35 ± 0,1°C in inertem Medium untersucht worden. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit zeigt eine annähernde Quadratwurzelabhängigkeit bei niedriger Konzentration der β-Hydroxybuttersäure (3,12 - 12,5 · 10-3 mol dm-3). Die Reaktionsordnung im Hinblick auf Kaliumpermanganat ergab sich zu 0,6 und deutet damit auf einen bimolekularen Abbruchmechanismus hin. Die Polymerisationgeschwindigkeit ändert sich linear bei niedrigen Monomerkonzentrationen von 2,5 - 7,0 · 10-2 mol dm-3. Die Abhängigkeit des mittleren Polymerisationsgrades von der Anfangsgeschwindigkeit und Temperatur ist bestimmt worden. Die Gesamtaktivierungsenergie beträgt 51,66 kJ mol-1. Es wird ein kinetisches Reaktionsschema aufgrund der experimentellen Ergebnisse vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: The aqueous polymerization of acrylamide initiated by potassium permanganate/β-hydroxybutyric acid has been studied volumetrically at 35 ± 0.01°C in an inert medium. The rate of polymerization shows nearly square root dependence on β-hydroxybutyric acid at low concentration (3.12 - 12.5 · 10-3 mol dm-3). The order with respect to potassium permanganate has been found to be 0.6 indicating thereby a bimolecular mode of termination. The polymerization rate has been varied linearly at low monomer concentrations i.e. from 2.5 -7.0 · 10-2 mol dm-3. The dependence of number average degree of polymerization on the initial rate of polymerization and temperature has been determined. The over-all activation energy has been found to be 51.66 kJ mol-1. A kinetic reaction scheme is proposed on the basis of experimental results.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1985.051300105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of container diameter on β-radiation-induced polymerization of acrylamide (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1105-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Beta particles emitted by radioactive nuclei have a finite depth of penetration in a given medium and hence a certain linear energy transfer value depending upon their initial energy. This property can be utilized to achieve different rates of radiation induced reactions. Various diameter capillaries containing saline solutions of acrylamide and radioactive phosphorus-32 were used in the experiment and the change in viscosity of acrylamide solution was used as an indicator of the amount of energy transferred. Distinctly different rates were observed which were roughly proportional to the diameters of the capillaries containing the solutions. It also appears that irradiation of the polymer solution at 80°C even in the absence of oxygen has an adverse effect on the viscosity. The experimental conditions were chosen to approximate those existing in oil reservoirs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260404
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement in properties of poly(vinyl acetate): Emulsion with dibasic acids (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 2675-2684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We report an attempt to graft cis (maleic and citraconic) and trans (e.g., fumaric and mesaconic) unsaturated dibasic acids onto poly(vinyl acetate) in emulsion system, in the presence of an initiator and a small quantity of vinyl acetate. The resulting emulsions showed better adhesiveness, higher shear strength, and varied viscosity, and yielded relatively translucent films with faster drying properties. Grafting in the case of these acids was poor, but the cis acids were better grafted than the trans acids. Furthermore, saturated acids (e.g., oxalic and succinic acid) and an inorganic acid (boric acid) were only physically incorporated in the poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion (PVAc emulsion); the resulting product also showed similar improvement in the end properties.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070310823
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study on blends of nylon-6 and nylon-66 (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 747-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blending of nylon-6 and nylon-66 was carried out by coextrusion in the whole range of compositions with particular emphasis on small amounts of one polymer in the other. Most significant improvement in properties is achieved at low blend compositions in which the minor component remains amorphous while severely affecting the crystallization behavior of the major component. The nylon-6-rich blends crystallize predominantly in the γ-crystalline form, whereas the nylon-66-rich blends exhibit low crystallinity. Because of this property, the blends are more easily drawable, giving rise to a more highly oriented structure with improved tensile properties and uniformity. High tenacity and modulus are observed in drawn blends containing 70% nylon 6 and 30% nylon-66.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070310301
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of alkalies on suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer, properties of poly(vinyl acetate) beads and poly(vinyl alcohols) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 707-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of weak alkalies such as sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and their 1 : 1 molar mixture, and strong alkalies such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium methoxide (NaOMe) as pH controllers in suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) has shown to have diverse effects on the yield of resulting poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC) beads. Carbon dioxide as such or the carbonate seems to influence the yield. Further, these alkalies have a deep-seated effect not only on properties like viscosity, stereoregularity, glass transition temperature (Tg), and swelling coefficient (Q) of the PVAC beads but also on those of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) obtained by alcoholysis of PVAC beads. The PVAC beads obtained using Na2CO3 showed higher viscosity, higher swelling coefficient (Q), and the PVA derived from these beads had higher Q, higher syndiotacticity/isotacticity ratio, and lower Tg.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460417
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A.C. dielectric and TSC studies of constrained amorphous motions in flexible polymers including poly(oxymethylene) and miscible blends (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2121-2132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: POM ; poly(oxy methylene) ; Delrin® ; dielectric ; TSC ; semicrystalline amorphous ; thermally stimulated currents ; glass transition ; PTFE ; polyethylene ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(OxyMethylene) (POM) and its miscible blends were studied by multifrequency A.C. dielectric and thermally stimulated currents (TSC). The blends contained small amounts of either poly(vinyl phenol), which is a high glass transition (Tg) diluent, or a styrene-co-hydroxy styrene oligomeric low Tg diluent. The variation of the 10°C “β” transition with blend composition proves that it is the glass transition, and that the -70°C “γ” transition is a local motion. Dielectrically the β transition is very weak in pure POM even in fast-quenched samples. The TSC thermal sampling method also detected two cooperative transitions, γ and β, in POM and its blends, and was used to directly resolve the γ transition into low and high activation energy components. If one considers the contribution of exclusion of the diluents from the crystal lamellae, it is shown that the blends behave like typical amorphous blends as a function of concentration. The effect of crystals on amorphous motions is examined in light of comparison with van Krevelen's37 predictions of an “amorphous” Tg, and the transitions in POM are contrasted with those for other semicrystalline polymers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2121-2132, 1997
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron spin resonance study of radical formation in nylon 66 fibers upon washing and drying (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 130 (1969), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1969.021300118
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bilateral symmetry of biomechanical properties in rat femora (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 32 (1996), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In many studies, bone healing and remodeling have been examined in various animal models using one femur as a control for the contralateral femur based on the assumption that they are bilaterally symmetrical. Symmetry studies have been limited mainly to geometrical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is symmetry in the mechanical properties of rat femora. Two strain gauges were attached to the anterior surface parallel to the long axis of explanted femora of retired female breeder and 120-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats. Femora were mechanically tested in cantilever bending and the strain values were recorded. Moments of inertia, cortical areas, and moduli of elasticity were determined from strains and cross-sectional properties. Female femora showed a bilateral strain difference of less than 2.2% and an elastic modulus difference of less than 8.7%. Males had less than 2.0% and 7.9% differences for strain and elastic moduli, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between left and right femoral strain values for the females, but modulus differences were significantly different at the p = 0.05 level. There was no significant difference in strain and modulus values for the males, indicating mechanical and geometrical symmetry of their femora. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of zinc diisopropyl dithiophosphate on the photooxidative degradation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) films (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 34 (1983), S. 216-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß von Zink-diisopropyl-dithiophosphat (ZnDTP) auf den photostabilisierten Abbau von Filmen aus Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylen-oxid) wurde im Konzentrationsbereich 0,1 bis 1,0 Masse-% untersucht. Der Abbau des Polymers hängt deutlich von der Konzentration des ZnDTP ab, das bei allen Konzentrationen als Photostabilisator wirkte.
    Notes: The effect of zinc diisopropyl dithiophosphate (ZnDTP) chelate over the range of 0.1 to 1.0 wt.% on the photostabilized degradation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) films was examined. The degradation of the polymer was remarkably affected by the concentration of the ZnDTP which acted as photostabilizer at all concentrations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1983.010340407
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