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  • 1
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Entwicklung einer zerstörungsfreien Meßtechnik für die Aufkohlungsdicke und einer neuen, gegen Aufkohlung beständigen LegierungDie zerstörungsfreie Messung der Aufkohlung von Crack-Öfen und die Auswahl von aufkohlungsbeständigen Legierungen sind von großer Bedeutung für die Konstruktion und Instandhaltung von Anlagen, wie z.B. Ethylen-Crack-Öfen. In dieser Arbeit wird zum ersten Mal eine neuentwickelte Technik zur Messung der Aufkohlung beschrieben und über eine neue aufkohlungsbeständige Legierung berichtet, die sich auch im Hinblick auf die Verzögerung der Kohleablagerung aus Kohlenwasserstoffen als vorteilhaft erwiesen hat. Die Verfasser haben die Einflüsse des Reaktormetalls auf die Kohleablagerung unter simulierten Ethylen-Crack-Bedingungen untersucht, wobei das Ziel in der Verhinderung der Aufkohlung bestand. Sie sind zu dem Schluß gekommen, daß die abgelagerte Koksmenge mit dem Nickelgehalt in den Legierungen stetig ansteigen. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse wurde ein neuer Röhrenreaktor für Crackverfahren (CORET-Rohr) entwikkelt, bei dem Rohre aus HP innen mit Fe25Cr9Mn3Ni plattiert sind; das ganze wird durch Schleuderguß hergestellt. Diese Röhren wurden in technischen Ethylen-Crack-Öfen auf ihre Aufkohlungsbeständigkeit und mechanische Festigkeit sowie das Betriebsverhalten untersucht. Bei diesem mehr als drei Jahre dauernden Betriebsversuch wurden die folgenden Ergebnisse erhalten: 1. Das CORET-Rohr ist für den technischen Einsatz aufgrund seiner Aufkohlungsbeständigkeit und seinen mechanischen Eigenschaften geeignet. 2. Die vorläufigen Betriebsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die Koksablagerung in diesen Röhren im Vergleich zu Röhren aus HP etwas verzögert ist. 3. Beim Betrieb unter strengen Bedingungen ist aufgrund der Betriebsergebnisse auch eine gewisse Erhöhung der Olefinausbeute zu erwarten.
    Notes: Nondestructive measurement of carburization of cracking tube and selecting carburization-resistant alloys have been of much importance in design and maintenance of such equipment as ethylene cracking heater.In this paper, the authors firstly describe the newly developed manner of measuring carburization and then report a new carburization resistant alloy which is also proved to retard coke deposition from hydrocarbon stream on tube surface.The authors studied the effects of tube metallurgy on coke deposition under the conditions simulated to ethylene cracking tube with the aim of preventing carburization and concluded that the coke deposition amount increases consistantly with increase of nickel content of alloys. Based on the above results, the authors developed a new cracking tube designated as CORET tube which has inner layer of Fe-25Cr-9Mn-3Ni alloy clad to HP tubes by centrifugal double layer casting. Those tubes were installed in commercial ethylene cracking heaters and tested for their carburization resistance, mechanical stability and process performances. The results of the field test lasting for more than three years are as follows: 1. The CORET tube proved to be carburization resistant and mechanically reliable enough for actual use. 2. Preliminary process performance data suggest some degree of coking retardation in the CORET tubes when compared with HP tubes; both operating at approximately the same conditions. 3. These data also indicate some degree of enhancement in the olefins yield, when operating at or near high severity conditions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly(etheretherketon) (PEEK)/Poly(phenolphthaleinethersulfon) (PPES)-Blockcopolymere mit PPES-Anteilen zwischen 12 und 44% wurden durch Kondensation von fluorterminierten PEEK-Oligomeren und hydroxyterminierten PPES-Oligomeren hergestellt. Die Abhängigkeit der Copolymereigenschaften von der Zusammensetzung wurde untersucht. Die Copolymeren erwiesen sich als homogen, die Komponenten zeigten gute Verträglichkeit ohne Mikrophasenseparation. Die Copolymeren kristallisierten wie PEEK mit rhombischer Struktur. Der Kristallisationsgrad der Copolymeren was gering und nahm mit steigendem PPES-Gehalt rasch ab. Im Ver-gleich zur Kristallstruktur von PEEK wurden für die Längen der a- und b-Achsen des Copolymer-Kristallgitters - und somit auch für das Zellvolumen - größere Werte gefunden. Die Analyse der isothermen Kristallisationskinetik der Copolymeren ergab für den Avrami-Exponenten einen Wert von 2,0. Mit steigendem PPES-Gehalt der Copolymeren erhöhten sich die Glasübergangstemperaturen stark, die thermische Stabilität nahm jedoch ab. Die PEEK/PPES-Blockcopolymeren ziegten gute mechanische Eigenschaften wie hohe Zugfestigkeiten und Elastizitätsmoduli.
    Notes: Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)/poly(phenolphthalein ether sulfone) (PPES) block copolymers were synthesized by a condensation reaction of fluorine-terminated PEEK oligomers and hydroxy-terminated PPES oligomers. The content of PPES in the copolymers was varied from 12 to 44 wt.-%, and the effect of the compositional variation on the properties was investigated. Microphase separation was not observed and the copolymers formed a homogeneous system having good compatibility. The crystal structure of the copolymers is rhombic, equal to PEEK. The degree of crystallinity of the copolymers was low and decreased rapidly with the increase of PPES content. Concerning the cell parameters of the crystalline unit, a- and b-axes are apparently longer and V is, thus, also larger compared with PEEK. Analyses of the isothermal crystallization kinetics of the copolymers provided an Avrami exponent (n) of 2.0. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymers greatly rose but the thermal stability became much poorer with the increase of PPES content. PEEK/PPES block copolymers possess good mechanical properties such as high strength and modulus.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 15 (1994), S. 291-294 
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 197 (1996), S. 1495-1502 
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)/poly(ether sulfone) (PES) block copolymers were synthesized via condensation reaction between fluorine-terminated PEEK oligomers and hydroxyl-terminated PES oligomers. The dynamic mechanical behavior of a composite sample prepared by compression molding of a glass fibre cloth and the copolymer was investigated by means of a dynamic viscoelastometer. The β relaxation peak and the α′ relaxation peak were observed in the logarithmic decrement curve of the amorphous block copolymer of PEEK/PES. The glass transition temperature (β relaxation peak) is shifted to higher temperature and approaches a constant value as annealing time and degree of crystallinity increase. The glass transition temperature of the copolymer rises more slowly upon annealing with increasing PES content. The α′ relaxation peak becomes smaller upon annealing, and eventually disappears. The α′ relaxation peaks are related to the motion of molecules upon transition from the non-crystalline to the crystalline state. The α′ relaxation occurs for the copolymer with a degree of crystallinity of 0 to 3%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: SIMS ; GaAs ; round-robin ; sensitivity factor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Round-robin studies on relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) were conducted using bulk GaAs samples uniformly doped with various impurity elements. A total of 31 laboratories participated in two round-robins. More than 30 sets of relative ion intensities were obtained for B, Si, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, In and Te in GaAs. The RSFs for both positive and negative ions were derived for several types of SIMS instruments. The effect of primary ion incident angle was examined using quadrupole-based instruments and found to be the determining factor of the instrumental dependence of RSF. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 425-433 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by an enolizable ketone (R1—CO—CH2—CO—R2)-carbon black system was investigated. Although enolizable ketone itself could not do so, the polymerization of MMA was initiated by enolizable ketone in the presence of carbon black. In addition, a chloranil-enolizable ketone system was able to initiate the polymerization of MMA. It was found that the enol form of the ketone and quinonic oxygen groups on the carbon black surface played an important role in the initiation system; namely, it was considered that the polymerization was begun by the ketone radical (R1—CO—CH—CO—R2) formed by a one-electron transfer reaction from enolate ion to quinonic oxygen groups. The effect of solvent on the process was also studied. The rate of the polymerization increased, depending on the solvent used, in the following order: benzene 〈 1,4-dioxane 〈 dimethyl sulfoxide 〈 N,N-dimethylformamide 〈 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Furthermore, it became apparent that during the polymerization poly(methyl methacrylate) was grafted onto the carbon black surface (grafting ratio was ca. 40% when benzene was used as solvent) and the carbon black obtained gave a stable colloidal dispersion in organic solvent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 1603-1608 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cationic homopolymerization and copolymerization of propiolaldehyde were carried out with use of boron trifluoride etherate as an initiator at the temperatures of 0 to -78°C. Poly(ethynyl)oxymethylene was prepared by the homopolymerization at -78°C, but it was readily depolymerized to the monomer. The cationic copolymerization with styrene at -78°C proceeded almost exclusively through the aldehyde addition and a new functional copolymer was obtained. With a rise in polymerization temperature, the ethynyl addition was mixed slightly.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 22 (1984), S. 2363-2370 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C-NMR spectra of ring carbons and O-acetyl carbonyl carbons of cellulose acetate (CA) in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 were analyzed. The CA samples with the degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.84 and 1.91 were prepared by homogeneous acetylation of cellulose with acetic anhydride in a 10% LiCl/dimethyl acetamide solvent. It was found that the use of these low DS samples permitted easier assignments not only of the ring carbon but also of the O-acetyl carbonyl carbon signals. The assignments were confirmed by comparing with the 1H-NMR spectra of the samples obtained by complete acetylation of the corresponding CA samples with acetyl-d3 chloride. Two methods for determining the distribution of O-acetyl groups of CA, i.e., the relative DS at the three different types of hydroxyl groups, were developed. One is based on the measurements of the relative intensities of the signals for the ring carbons and the other is based on the measurements of the relative intensities of the signals for the O-acetyl carbonyl carbons.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 23 (1985), S. 1373-1381 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The degree of substitution (DS) and distribution of O-acetyl groups of water-soluble cellulose acetate (CA) were investigated by 13C-NMR. For this purpose, three different series of CA samples with low DS were prepared by respective homogeneous reaction, i.e., (1) deacetylation of cellulose triacetate (CTA) in acetic acid - water solution (D-series), (2) reaction of CTA with hydrazine (H-series), and (3) acetylation of cellulose with acetic anhydride in a 10% LiCl-dimethylacetamide solution (A-series). It was found that (i) water-soluble CA can be obtained only from D-series products, (ii) the DS value of water-soluble CA ranges from 0.5 to 1.1, (iii) the D-series products exhibit little difference between the relative DS values at C-2, C-3 and C-6 hydroxyl groups, and (iv) the relative DS at C-6 hydroxyl groups is very high compared to those at C-2 and C-3 hydroxyl groups in H- and A-series products. Aqueous solution of water-soluble CA (D-series sample) showed no gel - sol transition, even when the temperature was raised to 95°C. X-ray diffraction observations revealed that the water-soluble D-series samples were essentially noncrystalline, but the water-insoluble A-series samples were crystalline. It was also found that the relative ease of acetylation is C-6 〉 C-2 〉 C-3.
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