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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (7,697)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of an x-ray and polarimetric study of a crystalline modification (form I) of isotactic poly-(S)-4-methyl-1-hexene are reported and discussed. The x-ray fiber spectra of this polymer are practically indistinguishable from those of isotactic poly-(R)-(S)-4-methyl-1-hexene. Although the crystal structure of the latter can be described on the basis of helices of different screw sense packed in a P4 space group, the crystal structure of poly-(S)-4-methyl-1-hexene is better described on the basis of a P1 space group. The conclusion of the x-ray investigation, that in the crystals of the optically active polymer an equal number of right-handed and left-handed helices must be present, is supported by the polarimetric measurements, which have shown that the polymer in the crystalline form I possesses a rather low rotatory power.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: biomaterials ; polyurethanes ; infection ; infection resistance ; surface modification ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tissue reactions to implantable pacemaker leads were investigated in an early infection model in rabbits. Both standard leads and surface-modified leads were used. The surface modification technique was applied to achieve controlled release of the antibiotic gentamicin. The insulating polyurethane tubing material of the leads was provided with an acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymer surface graft and then loaded with gentamicin. Implantation periods varied from day 4, to week 3½, to week 10. We investigated tissue reactions in the absence of an infectious challenge and also the efficacy of surface-modified leads in preventing infection after challenge with Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. It was demonstrated that the applied surface modification did not induce adverse effects although during early postimplantation an increase in infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages and wound fluid and fibrin deposition were observed. After bacterial challenge, standard leads were heavily infected at each explantation period, denoted by abscesses, cellular debris, and bacterial colonies. In contrast, little or no infection was observed, either macroscopically or by bacterial cultures, with the surface-modified leads. Microscopy showed little evidence of the bacterial challenge, and that primarily at day 4. It was concluded that the applied surface modification demonstrated enhanced infection resistance and thus represents a sound approach to the battle against infectious complications with biomaterials. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 142-153, 1998.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 783-789 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Schwingungskorrosionsverhalten von nitriertem Stahl in WasserDas Schwingungskorrosionsverhalten von nitriertem Stahl in neutralen Lösungen wurde unter Verwendung von schwingenden, einseitig eingespannten Proben (cantilever beam method) elektrochemisch (Ekorr/Zeit, Rp-Messung) und mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie untersucht.Die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit in stagnierenden Flüssigkeiten ist bei dem nitrierten Stahl, unabhängig von der Stickstoffkonzentration, niedriger als bei unbehandeltem Stahl; die an der Oberfläche entstehenden Oxidschichten besitzen deutlich bessere Schutzwirkung.Bei einer zyklischen Belastung (25,4 kg/mm-2, 16,6 Hz) ist die Rißauslösung verzögert. Die Zeit bis zum Bruch ist beträchtlich kürzer als bei nicht nitrierten Proben (zumindest unter den verwendeten Versuchsbedingungen). Die Erhöhung der Rißausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit läßt sich erklären durch die Gefügeschädigungen, die durch das Nitrieren hervorgerufen werden. Die Bruchmorphologie wird ebenfalls erörtert.
    Notes: The corrosion fatigue behaviour of nitrogen implanted iron in neutral solutions has been investigated utilizing the oscillating cantilever beam method, by means of electrochemical (Ecorr vs. time plots, Rp measurements) and S. E. M. techniques.The calculated corrosion rate under stagnant conditions is lowered for the implanted iron at all nitrogen doses with respect to untreated iron. The surface oxide layers achieve enhanced protecting capacity.Consequently under a cyclic load of 25.4 kg mm-2, at a frequency of 16.6 Hz, cracks nucleation is delayed. The time to breaking of implanted specimens is considerably lower in our experimental conditions compared to untreated iron. The increase in the crack growth rate is consistent with the detrimental action of structural damage following implantation. The fracture morphology is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), S. 48-55 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anlaufen von AuAgCu-Legierungen. Auswahl eines beschleunigten Anlauf-TestsDas Anlaufverhalten von drei AuAgCu-Legierungen mit 14 und 18 ct sowie einer AuAgCuZn-Legierung mit 14 ct, die für dekorative Zwecke viel verwendet werden, wurde mit drei verschiedenen Anlauf-Tests geprüft, darunter zwei Gasphasen-Tests, nämlich (a) dem Schwefelblüten-Test (50 °C, 75% RF, 5 (d) und b) dem Thioacetamid-Test (Raumtemperatur, 75% RF, 5 d), und einem Flüssigphasen-Test, der als Tuccillo-Nielsen-Test bekannt ist und bei dem die Proben während 3 h alternierend in eine wässerige Sulfidlösung getaucht werden. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das in Feldversuchen gefundene Anlaufverhalten durch den Flüssigphasen-Test besser als durch die Gasphasen-Tests wiedergegeben wird. Die Verfärbungen sind aber beim Flüssigphasen-Test ungleichmäßiger. Der Hauptvorteil des Tuccillo-Nielsen-Tests liegt darin, daß er nur 3 h erfordert; andererseits können dabei leicht Kontakteffekte auftreten, und es kann schwierig sein, damit Endprodukte beliebiger Form zu prüfen. Der Thioacetamid-Test liefert schlecht reproduzierbare und wenig zuverlässige Ergebnisse außerdem sind die nach 5 d erhaltenen Farbänderungen gering, schließlich ist Thioacetamid auch kanzerogen. Der Schwefelblüten-Test liefert ausgeprägte, reproduzierbare Verfärbungen und ist daher bei der beschleunigten Prüfung von silber- und kupferhaltigen Legierungen dem Thioacetamid-Test vorzuziehen.
    Notes: Three tarnish-testing procedures were applied to three 14 and 18 ct AuAgCu and one 14 ct AuAgCuZn alloys widely used in decorative applications. Two gaseous phase tarnishing tests were investigated: (a)the flower of sulphur test carried out at 50 °C and 75% relative humidity for 5 days, and(B)the thioacetamide test performed at ambient temperature and 75% relative humidity for 5 days.In addition, a liquid based method known as the Tuccillo-Nielsen test where the samples are alternatively immersed in an aqueous sulphide solution for 3 h was also studied. It was found that the general tarnishing aspect encountered in field trials was better reproduced in the liquid medium than in the gas phase tests. The colorations are more heterogeneous in the liquid test. The main advantage of the Tuccillo-Nielsen test is that it requires only 3 h, but it can give rise to galvanic effects and may be difficult to apply to any forms of finished products. The thioacetamide test gave poorly reproducible and reliable results. In addition the colour changes after 5 days' exposure were small; moreover, thioacetamide is a carcinogen. The flower of sulphur test yielded large, reproducible colour changes. It should be preferred to the thioacetamide test for the accelerated testing of silver - and copper-containing alloys.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anlaufen von AuAgCu-Legierungen: Einfluss der ZusammensetzungDie Anlaufbeständigkeit von zwei binären AuAg-, einer binären AuCu-, drei ternären AuAgCu- und einer quaternären AuAgCuZn-Legierung wurde mit zwei beschleunigten Anlaufprüfmethoden untersucht, und zwar dem in der Gasphase durchgeführten Schwefel-Ausblühungstest und dem in wässeriger Phase durchgeführten Tuccillo-Nielsen-Test. Die Anlaufschichten wurden colorimetrisch und coulometrisch analysiert. Die Farbe der meisten untersuchten Legierungen wurde durch das Anlaufen nach rötlich und gelblich verschoben. Zwischen der Farbänderung und der Kathodenladung wurde eine lineare Beziehung gefunden, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Dicke der Anlaufschicht ausreichend gering ist und daher eine lineare Beziehung zwischen Reflexionsvermögen und Filmdicke besteht. Bei den Legierungen mit hohem Silbergehalt war die Anlaufschicht so dick, daß Interferenzeffekte festzustellen waren; aus diesem Grunde wird das Anlaufen am besten durch die Kathodenladung charakterisiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß der Silbergehalt der Parameter ist, welcher die Anlaufbeständigkeit dominant bestimmt, doch spielt auch der Kupfergehalt eine gewisse Rolle. Das Anlaufen der binären AuAg-Legierungen kann als quadratische Funktion des Silbergehaltes ausgedrückt werden, während es sich bei den ternären und quaternären Legierungen um einen einfachen additiven Effekt des Silbers und Kupfers handelt.
    Notes: The tarnishing resistance of two AuAg binary, one AuCu binary, three AuAgCu ternary and one AuAgCuZn quaternary alloys was investigated using two accelerated tarnish testing procedures. The flower of sulphur test carried out in the gaseous phase and the Tuccillo-Nielsen method performed in an aqueous liquid solution were used. The tarnished layers were characterized by colorimetric and coulometric measurements. For most of the alloys, the colour turned both reddish and yellowish after tarnishing. A linear trend was found between the colour change and the cathodic charge, indicating that the thickness of the tarnished layer is small enough to be in the range where the reflectivity is linearly related to film thickness. For the high-silver alloys, the tarnished layer was thick enough to give rise to interference effects and therefore the tarnish is best characterized by the cathodic charge. It was found that the silver content is the dominant parameter influencing the tarnish resistance, but the copper content also plays a role. The tarnishing of AuAg binary alloys was interpreted as a quadratic function of silver content, while that of the ternary and quaternary alloys was found to be a simple additive effect of the silver and copper contributions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 87-98 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß die in kommerziellen Poly(oxyethylen)diolen enthaltenen Spuren von Kaliumacetat Cyclotrimerisationsreaktionen von Isocyanaten katalysieren. Diese Reaktion stört die Bestimmung von Hydroxygruppen mit Phenylisocyanat. Nach der Beseitigung von Kaliumacetat (z. B. durch Ionenaustauscher) ergibt die Phenylisocyanatmethode reproduzierbare Ergebnisse, die mit den durch andere Methoden gewonnenen Ergebnissen übereinstimmen. Geeignete Bedingungen für die Bestimmung von OH-Gruppen in Poly(oxyethylen)diolen wurden gefunden.
    Notes: Traces of potassium acetate present in commercial poly(oxyethylene) diols (Fluka) were shown to catalyze the cyclotrimerization reaction of isocyanates. This reaction interferes with the determination of hydroxy groups by using the phenylisocyanate method. After the removal of potasium acetate (e. g. by means of ion exchangers) the phenylisocyanate method gives reproducible results which can be compared with those obtained by other methods. Reaction conditions suitable for the determination of OH groups in poly(oxyethylene) diols were found.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 21 (1994), S. 643-649 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Chemisorption of ammonia on the acid sites located at the outer surface of dealuminated mordenites has been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The N 1s level of chemisorbed ammonia results from the overlapping of three components occurring near 402.4, 400.5 and 399.1 eV. From the N 1s binding energy of NH4+- exchanged mordenite and values reported in the literature for pyridine adsorbed on Brönsted and Lewis acid sites, the components at 402.5 and 399.1 eV are assigned to ammonia in interaction with Si-OH-Al framework groups and with Lewis acid sites, respectively. Based on XPS N/Al ratios and infrared results, the component at 400.5 eV is attributed to ammonia chemisorbed on silanol groups. The surface concentration of the three types of acid sites is estimated from the decomposition of the N 1s peaks. Evidence for the presence of surface extra-framework Al in dealuminated mordenites is provided and the influence of these Al species on the outer surface acidity is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Auger electron spectroscopy investigations of various copper compounds, including oxides, cuprates and high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) YBaCuO-type materials, show that the linewidth of the Cu LVV transition for these compounds increases with the oxygen-to-copper ratio. Correspondingly, for the same compounds, the intensity ratio of the satellite (Is) and main (Im) lines in the Cu 2p3/2 line measured from XPS spectra decreases. Taking into account the mechanisms of Auger electron and x-ray photoelectron transitions, this correlation may be explained by an increase in the probability of electron transition from the O 2p to Cu 3d level in cuprates when compared with CuO. The peculiarities of Auger spectra found for YBa2Cu3O6.6-6.9 and for cuprates may be used to evaluate the quality of HTSC films by Auger microprobe.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 3591-3595 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 44 (1993), S. 225-229 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of star molecules consisting of small polydivinylbenzene (DVB) cores carrying a number of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) branches has been investigated. Two different methods are discussed:The “core-first” technique, in which living poly(DVB) cores are used to initiate the polymerization of oxirane. This method is flexible and efficient, but the samples obtained exhibit broad molecular weight distributions, arising from large fluctuations of the core functionalities (and core sizes). The same method has been applied successfully to the synthesis of star-block copolymers, in which each branch consists of a polystyrene (PS) block and a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block.The “three-step” method (“In-Out”) involves the use of living polystyrene “seed-star” molecules as initiators for the polymerization of oxirane. The “seed-stars” themselves arise from a classical “arm-first” process. This method allows a better control of the functionality of the cores. The number of branches of either kind attached to a given core is equal. Hetero-star PS-PEO copolymers are obtained, but the length of the branches of either kind can be chosen at will within broad limits.
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