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  • 1
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper is concerned with the ring opening of the uretdione group in presence of nucleophilic partners and of the technological significance of this reaction. It is shown that at temperatures from 100° to 120°C both polyesters containing hydroxyl groups and low-molecular weight compounds carrying Zerewitinow-active hydrogen atoms react in solution as well as in the molten state with free NCO groups of uretdione diisocyanates by the diisocyanate polyaddition process. Under these conditions no opening of the uretdione ring occurs.These results give rise to the use of uretdione diisocyanates for chain extensions yielding polyuretdione polyurethanes. Reactions with blocking agents (e.g. ε-caprolactam) result in new types of blocked uretdione and blocked polyuretdione polyurethanes. It is shown that the four-membered rings are split completely at temperatures from 140° to 180°C. Compounds containing hydroxyl groups which are available in the reaction mixture react with the latent NCO groups of the uretdiones to form urethanes. By selection and combination of suitable starting compounds crystalline, high-melting polyuretdione polyurethane powders of good milling properties can be obtained. The new syntheses of technical usefulness yield non-polluting polyurethane powder coatings for application by electrostatic spraying.
    Notes: Die Ringöffnung der Uretdiongruppe in Gegenwart von nukleophilen Reaktionspartner und die technische Bedeutung dieser Reaktionsind Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit. Die Untersuchungen machen deutlich, daß hydroxylgruppenhaltige Polyester und niedermolekulare Zerewitinow-aktive Wasserstofftome tragende Verbindungen sich bei Temperaturen von 100-120°C in Lösung, aber auch in der Schmelze mit den freien NCO-Gruppen der Uretdiondiisocyanate nach dem Diisocyanat-Polyadditionsver-faren umsetzen lassen, ohne daß nennenswerte Uretdionringöffnung eintritt. Auf Grund dieser Erkenntnis können mit den Uretdiondiisocyanaten Kettenverlängerungen zu Poly-uretdionpolyurethanen durchgeführt werden. Durch Umsetzung mit Blockierungsmitteln (z.B.ε-Caprolactam) werden neuartige blockierte Uretdione und blockierte Polyuretdion-polyurethane erhalten. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die Vierringe im Temperaturbereich von 140-180°C vollständig aufspalten. Gleichzeitig vorliegende hydroxylgruppenhaltige Verbindungen reagieren mit den latenten NCO-Gruppen der Uretdione unter Urethanbildung. Durch geeignete Wahl und Kombinatio der Asgangsverbindungen lassen sich kristalline, hochschmelzende, gut mahlbare Polyuretdionpolyurethanpulver gewinnen. Die neuen technisch verwertbaren Synthesen führen zu umweltfreundlichen, lösungsmittel-freien Verfahen der elektrostatischen Pulverbeschichtung.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Metallocen-Katalysatoren eröffnen neue Wege zur Synthese von Olefinoligomeren und -polymeren, deren Molekulargewichte und Schmelzpunkte in weiten Bereichen variieren. Einige wichtige Besonderheiten bei der Herstellung von Oligomeren, von wachsartigen sowie von hochmolekularen Polymeren durch Metallocen-Katalyse werden hier behandelt. Am Beispiel der Oligomerisation von Hexen wird ein einfaches kinetisches Modell entwickelt, das geeignet erscheint, den Reaktionsverlauf und die resultierende Oligomerenverteilung beim Einsatz von Metallocen-Katalysatoren zu beschreiben. Die Herstellung von Propylenpolymeren mit niedrigen und hohen Molekulargewichten durch Metallocen-Katalyse wird hinsichtlich der Reaktionsbedingungen und der Produkteigenschaften mit bekannten Prozessen verglichen. Ferner wurde der Einfluß von verschiedenen Unregelmäßigkeiten der Polymerketten, wie Kettenenden, Regioirregularitäten und Comonomersegmenten auf die Schmelzpunkte untersucht.
    Notes: Metallocenes offer new synthetic routes to olefin oligomers and polymers covering a wide range of molecular weights and melting points. This paper deals with some important features of the preparation of oligomers, wax-like polymers as well as highmolecular-weight polymers via metallocene catalysis. Taking the oligomerization of hexene as an example, a simple kinetic scheme is established, which is suitable to describe the course of the reaction and the resulting oligomer distribution with metallocenes as catalysts. For low and high-molecular-weight polymers, the metallocene route to polypropylene is compared to existent processes in terms of reaction conditions and product properties. An attempt is made to separate the effect of different chain defects like chain ends, regioirregularities and comonomers on the melting point.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 13 (1992), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering is used for structural characterization of amylose solutions and gets. Recently published coordinates determined by x-ray fiber structure analysis and electron diffraction [A. Imberty and S. Perez: (1988) Biopolymers, Vol. 27. pp. 1205-1212: H. C. Wu and A. Sarko (1978) Carbohydrate Research, Vol. 6.1, pp. 7-40]. X-ray crystallography [W. Hinrichs & W. Saenger (1990) Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 112. pp. 2789-2796], and theoretically calculated atomic coordinates for energy-minimized conformers of amylose molecules in solution and crystals served to simulate small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering curves. The simulation of scattering curves renders possible a quick screening and detection of special features in experimental curves and the decision of whether they are significant or not. The scattered intensities of the models were calculated using the atomic scattering factors and van der Waals radii within the framework of the improved cube method [J. J. Müller (1983) Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 16, pp. 74-82]. All model data and the scattering curves are stored for a fast information retrieval in the database OBIOSCAT controlled by the ORACLE management system.In the context of a mixture of diflerent structures existing in an amylose solution or gel, theparallel-stranded left-handed B-form double helices (Imberty and Perez) do not scatter in a way that is significantly different from that of the parallel-stranded right-handed duplex proposed by Wu and Sarko. The structure of the energy-minimized left-handed parallel-stranded double helix is very similar to that of the canonical B form, but energy-minimized right-handed duplexes with parallel or antiparallel strands have structures that produce new scattering features. Up to now, such features have not been experimentally detected. Extended or collapsed single helices, too, can be discriminated by their scattering features from double helices for scattering vectors larger than 5 nm-1, and the energy-minimized left-handed single helices are nearly identical with the V-forms experimentally found in fibres [G. Rappenecker and P. Zugenmaier (1981) Carbohydrate Research, Vol. 89, pp. 11-19.].Because the investigated amylose gels contain crystallites. The growing of V- and B-form nanocrystallites up to dimensions of 20 nm was simulated with atomic resolution. The scattering curves of independently scattering nunocrystals hold information about crystallite shape, size, surrounding, and the structure, factors of the asymmetric unit in the unit cell, hence, they differ remarkably from the recently published fiber-structure factors and provide this structure information at an early stage of crystallization.Experimental scattering data of wheat amylose recorded during the gelation process can explained by a remarkable amount of V-helices with 6-12 glucopyranosyl residues in solution at 70°C. Extended single helices probably exist also under these conditions. A mixture of independently scattering V- and B-form nanocrystallites is detectable in freshly cooled samples (40°C), and pure B-form nanocrystallites embedded in a matrix of an electron density comparable to that in the crystallites exist together with amorphous material afterjve weeks of aging at 21°C. From the scattering of the amylose sample during the gelation process it follows that Gidley's gelation model [M. J. Gidley (1989) Macromolecules, Vol. 22, pp. 351-358], which assumes crystallization during the phase separation, is prejerred to the model proposed by Miles et al. [M. J. Miles, V. J. Morris, and S. G. Ring (1985) Carbohydrate Research, Vol. 135, pp. 257-269], where crystallization is preceded by phase separation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The η3, η2, η2-dodeca-2(E), 6(E), 10(Z)-trien-1-yl-nickel(II) complexes [Ni(C12H19)]X (X = SbF6, O3SCF3) were treated in toluene with amorphous aluminium trifluoride (which was prepared from AlEt3 and BF3 · OEt2) in a mole ratio 1 : 10 to 20, forming a highly active catalyst for the 1,4-cis polymerization of butadiene. This catalyst is comparable in its activity and selectivity, and in the molar mass distribution of the polybutadiene, with the technical nickel catalyst Ni(O2CR)2/BF3ċOEt2/AlE3 developed by Bridgestone Tire Company thirty years ago. The existence of the C12-allynickel(II) cation [Ni(C12H19)]+ on the AlF3 support could be proved by FAB mass spectroscopic measurements. In agreement with our reaction model for the allyl nickel complex catalyzed butadiene polymerization, it is concluded that the technical nickel catalyst in its effective structure can be described as a polybutadienylnickel(II) complex co-ordinated to a polymeric fluoroaluminate anion via a fluoride bridge.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 282-286 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of galvanized ferrous materials by natural watersLaboratory and field test with galvanized irons do not reveal clear interrelations between water quality and corrosion. Likewise it is not possible on the basis of potential measurements to make any statement with respect to the formation of protective layers. It is for this reason that some doubt may be expressed as to the applicability of the test method according to DIN 50 930, the more so as the formation of ZnCO3 could be shown to take place in some few cases only.
    Notes: Laboratoriums- und Feldversuche mit verzinktem Eisen zeigen keine eindeutigen Zusammenhänge zwischen Wasserbeschaffenheit und Korrosion. Ebenso ist es nicht möglich, aufgrund von Potentialmessungen Aussagen über die Schutzschichtbildung zu machen. Aus diesem Grunde kann auch die Anwendbarkeit der Untersuchungsmethode nach DIN 50 930 in Zweifel gezogen werden, zumal nur in Einzelfällen die Bildung von ZrCO3 eindeutig nachgewiesen werden konnte.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and properties of special metal coatings applied by thermal sprayingThermal spraying of metals of groups IVa, Va and VI a is difficult because of the fast oxidation of these metals (Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, W, Mo). It is consequently of vital importance that the atmosphere be oxygen-free, it is that the spray process is carried in an inert atmosphere. In view of the high cost involved in such a system it is necessary to provide for recirculation of an inert gas. The coatings obtained in pure argon are characterized by very high adhesion strength which is due to diffusion phenomena at the base metal/coating interphase. This diffusion takes place at high velocities and the thickness of the diffusion layer depends from the state of perturbation of the superficial zone of the base metal (e. g. perturbation due to sand blasting) and of the perturbation of the atomic structure of the liquid particles at the high temperature. Titanium coatings thus obtained are completely free from inclusions when obrained in argon, while they are severly embrittled when applied under nitrogen. The properties of coatings from all the metals considered (Ti, Zr, Mo, Nb, Ti6A14V) are perfectly comparable to those of the solid metals.
    Notes: Thermisches Spritzen von Metallen der Gruppen 1 Va, Va und VIa ist wegen der leichten Oxidierbarkeit dieser Metalle (Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, W und Mo) schwierig. Infolgedessen muß die Atmosphäre sauerstoffrei sein, d. h. man muß in inerter Atmosphäre spritzen. Da hierbei die Kosten ziemlich hoch liegen, muß das Schutzgas in Umlauf geführt werden. Die beim Spritzen in reinem Argon erhaltenen Überzüge besitzen sehr hohe Haftfestigkeit, da es zwischen Grundmetall und Überzug zu Diffusionsvorgängen in der Grenzschicht kommt. Diese Diffusion erfolgt mit sehr hoher Geschwindigkeit; die Dicke der Diffusionsschicht ist abhängig vom Störungszustand der Oberflächenzone des Grundmetalls (Störungen hervorgerufen durch Sandstrahlen z. B.) und von der Störung tur der flüssigen Metallteilchen infolge der hohen Temperatur. Die nach den Schutzgas- verfahren erhaltenen Titanüberzüge sind beim Spritzen in Argon vollkommen frei von Ein- flü,ssen, wahrend beim Spritzen unter Stickstoff starke Versprödung auftritt. Bei allen verwendeten Metallen (Ti, Zr, Mo, Nb, Ti6AI4 V) sind die Überzüge mit den massiven Metal- len vergleichbar.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 22-25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Creep strength and chemical resistance pipes made of hard polyethylene and polypropyleneThe creep strength of pipes made of thermoplastics is influenced by the surrounding medium. This influence may be of a chemical or physical kind. Often, both influences are simultaneously present. The present paper deals with these different types of influences of chemical substances on the creep strength of pipes made of hard polyethylene and polypropylene. First, the test method is described by which the creep strength is investigated in the presence of chemical stresses. This is followed by the communication of results obtained with different obcals. These include inorganic as well as organic media. According to these results the inorganic substances can, in respect of their effect on the creep strength, be divided into the following four categories: 1aqueous solutions of non-oxidant substances,2aqueous solutions of oxidant substances,3aqueous solutions of wetting agents,4aqueous solutions of substances which penetrate into polyethylene in small quantities, thus causing Some Sort swelling.The organic substances can be divided into those with strong and with weak swelling effects. The swelling effect, which depends on the chemical structure of the substances, is described in some detail.
    Notes: Die Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohren aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen wird durch das umgebende Medium beeinflußt. Dieser Einfluß kann chemischer oder physikalischer Art sein. Oft sind beide Einflüsse gleichzeitig wirksam. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt diese verschiedenen Arten des Einflusses chemischer Substanzen auf die Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohren aus Hartpolyäthylen und Polypropylen. Es wird zunächst die Prüfmethode beschrieben, nach der die Zeitstandfestigkeit bei gleichzeitiger chemischer Beanspruchung untersucht wird. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse mitgeteilte, die mit verschiedenen Chemikalien gewonnen wurden. Es wird dabei sowohl auf anorganische als auch auf organische Medien eingegangen. Nach diesen Ergebnissen können die anorganischen Substanzen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf die Zeitstandfestigkeit in folgende vier Gruppen eingeteilt werden: 1wäßrige Lösungen von nicht oxydierend wirkenden Substanzen;2wäßrige Lösungen von oxydierend wirkenden Substanzen;3wäßrige Lösungen von Netzmitteln;4wäßrige Lösungen von Substanzen, die in geringer Menge in Polyäthylen eindringen und dadurch eine Art Quellung bewirken.Die organischen Substanzen körnert in stark und schwach quellend wirkende eingeteilt werden. Auf die Quellung, die von der chemischen Struktur der Substanzen abhängig ist, wird näher eingegangen.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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