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  • 1
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1703-1713 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile behavior of blends of linear polyethylene (PE) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) was examined in relation to their morphology. Yield stress increases monotonically with increasing PP content, while true ultimate strength is much lower in all blends than in the pure polymers as a result of early fracture. The blends fail at low elongation because of their two-phase structure, consisting of interpenetrating networks or of islands of PE in a PP matrix, as shown by scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces and transmission electron microscopy of thin films. While spherulites in PP are very large (∼100 μm in diameter), addition of 10% or more of PE drastically reduces their average size. This, together with the profusion of intercrystalline links introduced by PE, may be associated with maximization of tensile modulus in blends containing ∼80% PP. Introduction of special nucleating agents to PP reduces average spherulite size and is accompanied by slight improvements in modulus. Thin films of blends strained in the electron microscope neck and fibrillate in their PE regions, but fracture cleanly with little fibrillation in areas of PP.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1163-1166 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 21 (1983), S. 97-110 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The microstructure of melt-grown dendritic aggregates of the monoclinic α phase of isotactic polypropylene has been examined by optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. Whereas the tightly crosshatched structure of such dendrites grown in the usual manner from the melt had not heretofore permitted unequivocal determination of unit-cell orientation, crystallization on mica at high temperatures eliminates this problem by suppressing branching and allowing lamellae to grow uninterruptedly to many micrometers in length. In this manner, it is shown that the preferred growth direction in single crystals of α-polypropylene is a*. X-ray diffraction analysis of unidirectionally crystallized specimens shows that the a* axis becomes radial in spherulites of this polymorph. Implications of this growth axis in terms of the branching model and of the crystallographic identification of the amorphous surfaces are discussed. Addition of large amounts of melt diluents is found to impart a distinct curvature to the dendritic crystals, causing their concave sides to face preferentially toward the centers of the resulting spherulitic aggregates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 28 (1990), S. 2183-2198 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The miscibility in binary blends of ferroelectric copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VF2) and trifluoroethylene ( F3E) has been investigated over the full range of blend compositions for three different random copolymers containing 52, 65, or 73 mol % VF2. We found these copolymers miscible in the melt with each other but not with the parent homopolymer, PVF2. In thin solid films we demonstrated, for all blend compositions, the very rare phenomenon of isomorphic cocrystallization in both the ferroelectric and paraelectric phases of the 52 + 65 and the 65 + 73 mol % VF2 copolymers. However, the blend having the largest compositional difference (52 + 73 mol % VF2) was found to consist of two separate ferroelectric and paraelectric phases. These results demonstrate the very close chemical and structural similarities required for coexistence of two different macromolecules within a single crystalline lattice. Moreover, they allow us to probe the compositional limits for such similarity in both the ferroelectric and the paraelectric lattices. Phase diagrams of these blends have been constructed and are discussed. The Curie transition is shown to be an exceptionally sensitive probe of compatibility in the ferroelectric phase.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: copolymers, polycaprolactone-poly(dimethyl siloxane)-polycaprolactone tri-block, morphology and properties of ; polycaprolactone in triblock copolymers with poly(dimethyl siloxane mid-block), properties of ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular structure, crystallization, solid-state morphology, thermal properties, and phase behavior of two copolymers consisting of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mid-block coupled to polycaprolactone (PCL) end-blocks were investigated. Both copolymers (which differ only in the molecular lengths of the PCL end-blocks) were found to be lamellar systems, whose core consists of PCL chains having the same crystal structure as PCL homopolymer, and whose amorphous interlayers contain the PDMS blocks and the PCL noncrystalline segments. From x-ray and electron-microscopy results, it is expected that the PCL blocks may be folded once in the longer copolymer and not at all in the shorter. As a result of their differing PCL lengths, the former crystallizes as regular PCL spherulites (at a growth rate reduced with respect to PCL homopolymer), whereas the latter yields only defective, immature axialites of low overall crystallinity. Electron diffraction showed that these spherulites grow preferentially along b crystallographic axis and that the PCL crystalline stems are arranged perpendicularly to their lamellae. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 2523-2533 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: chirality ; morphology ; structure ; crystallization ; defects ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In previous work we have shown that the stable form of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) adopts a fully antichiral packing in its crystalline lattice. At the same time, we had also discovered a number of prohibited reflections from crystallographic planes with a c-axis component, indicating distortions or defects along the molecular-chain direction and possible departures from the ideal Ibca unit-cell structure. Three studies that appeared in 1996 have proposed a number of possible minimized structures to explore the energetics of departure from such an ideal Ibca symmetry and to account for the prohibited reflections. Two of the studies were based upon energy minimization of the unit cell using empirical or spectroscopically derived force fields. The third model was based upon Rietveld refinement of the bulk X-ray diffractogram combined with ad hoc choices of space groups selected to reproduce the prohibited reflections, and results in a structure with minimal departures from Ibca. In the present article we examine the structural implications of all these models on various reciprocal-lattice sections of sPP by comparing calculated electron-diffraction patterns for appropriate zones with those we obtained experimentally from single crystals. We find that none of the proposed models fully accounts for the experimental data. One of the energy-minimized models (involving translation along the molecular axis) and the Rietveld-refined structure reproduce some of the observed reflections but are not in agreement with observed intensities and introduce additional unobserved reflections or other artifacts. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2523-2533, 1997
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 15 (1977), S. 641-656 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of isotactic polypropylene (PP) were zone-solidified in temperature gradients up to 300°C/cm at growth rates down to 3 μm/min. Oriented α-type spherulites were obtained only by nucleation. While β nucleation is extremely rare, the β phase is easily initiated by growth transformations along the oriented α front. Since the β phase was found to grow considerably faster than the α phase, the α-to-β transformation points diverge across the sample, interrupting growth of the oriented α fibrils. This causes subsequent nucleation to yield teardrop-shaped α spherulites.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of zone-solidified PP show the β-phase to be favored by slow growth rates, high temperature gradients, and large degrees of superheat in the melt - all of which tend to suppress nucleation. Differential thermograms of largely β-PP obtained at a heating rate of 1°C/min show the actual melting and recrystallization of the β spherulites into the α form.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 793-809 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) from the melt yields two types of spherulites. The first consists of large, highly birefringent, and tightly banded spherulites of the α-form, which are seen at all temperatures. The second type, termed mixed, crystallizes with a newly reported unit cell which appears to be the correct one for γ-PVF2, but may contain inclusions of a different form (probably α-PVF2); it is seen only at relatively high temperatures and frequently exhibits irregular or disorganized birefringent and morphological features. In thin films, some mixed spherulites contain regions of single-crystal-like aggregates which are grown parallel to the substrate and appear essentially nonbirefringent between crossed polars. Mixed spherulites frequently undergo transformations at their growth fronts leading to initiation of α-growth. These transformations are associated with the generally higher growth rate of α-spherulites which may exceed that of their mixed counterparts by almost seven times. However, with increasing temperature this difference in growth rates is progressively reduced and ultimately reversed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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