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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 50 (1978), S. 917-923 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gasification of coal - a status report. On the basis of industrially available conventional coal gasification processes (Winkler, Koppers-Totzek, and Lurgi pressure gasification) the paper describes developmental trends in such processes. Elevated operating pressure is a common feature of all new processes, thus opening up new applications. An economic incentive to the development of new gasification processes also comes from combinations with new technologies, e. g. with direct reduction. Moreover, an advanced version of the high-temperature Winkler process is described and evaluated in comparison with conventional commercial processes. Apart from processes conducted above ground, recent developments also include thoughts about underground gasification.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mit hochauflösender 1H- und 13C-Kernresonanz wurden Maleinsäureanhydrid-Ethylen-Copolymere untersucht, die sich im Herstellungsprozeß stark unterscheiden. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß sowohl Fällungs- als auch Hochdruckpolymerisation zu alternierendem Einbau der MSA-Einheiten in die Copolymerkette führen. Die in der Mikrostruktur festgestellten Unterschiede resultieren aus nachträglichen Modifizierungsreaktionen, die teils im Fällungsprozeß durch Alkohol und teils durch Luftfeuchtigkeit unter Aufspaltung des Anhydridringes spontan eintreten könne. Sowohl mit 1H- als auch mit 13C-Resonanz sind diese Modifizierungsreaktionen gut beobachtbar. Des weiteren weisen die 13C-NMR-Spektren darauf hin, daß die Copolymere aus verschiedenen Stereokonformeren aufgebaut sind.
    Notes: The microstructure of copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene which were synthesized in two processes differing significantly from one another was studied by means of 1H- and 13C-NMR. The precipitation polymerizates as well as the products synthesized under high pressure have the same basic structure. The maleic anhydride units are found to alternate with ethylene units in the macromolecules. The observed differennces in the microstructure are results of supplementary modification reactions which may take place spontaneously in the precipitation process by alcohols or during storage by atomospheric humidity with the splitting-up of the anhydride ring. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy proved as efficient methods for studying these modification processes. The 13C-NMR spectra allow the conclusion that the microstructure of maleic anhydride copolymers consist of different stereo conformations which occur with different probability.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 33 (1982), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The radical copolymerization of a mixture of the isomers with an olefinic comonomer is characterized by such high selectivity that only one component of the mixture enters the reaction. Thus, for example, the copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MAA) with one of the components proceeds at such high rate that the concurrent secondary reaction of MAA with the other isomer, depending strongly on temperature, can be neglected below a certain value of temperature.
    Notes: Durch radikalische Copolymerisation kann eine so hohe Selektivität erreicht werden, daß aus dem olefinischen Isomergemisch ein Isomer selektiv heraus copolymerisiert werden kann. Im dargelegten Beispiel waren dafür die folgenden Gründe maßgebend: Die Copolymerisation des Maleinsäreanhydrids mit dem einen Isomer verläuft mit hoher Geschwindigkeit und die zur Copolymerisation parllel verlaufende Nebenreaktion des MSA mit dem anderen Isomer ist stark temperatureabhängig und kann unterhalb einer bestmmten Temperatur vernachlässigt werden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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