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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (6,134)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 44 (1993), S. 345-350 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei der Thermogravimetrie zu berücksichtigende HinweiseKontinuierliche Thermogravimetrie ist eine verbreitete Methode, um Werkstoffe in korrosiven Gasen bei hohen Temperaturen zu prüfen und um Kinetik und Mechanismen der Hochtemperaturkorrosion aufzuklären. Hier werden Empfehlungen zur Durchführung thermogravimetrischer Tests zusammengestellt, Hinweise gegeben betreffend Probengröße und -form, Oberflächenpräparation, Reaktionsrohr, Start des Experiments, besonders empfindliche Messungen und Gasströmung und -regelung. Die Veröffentlichung ist als Grundlage und Startpunkt für zu entwickelnde Richtlinien für die Hochtemperaturkorrosionsforschung gedacht.
    Notes: Continuous thermogravimetry is a common method to test materials in gaseous corrosive environments at high temperatures and to elucidate kinetics and mechanisms of high temperature corrosion. Recommendations how to conduct thermogravimetric tests are collected here, points to be considered including sample size and form, surface preparation, reaction chamber, starting procedure, sensitive measurements, gas supply and dosing. This study is meant as a starting foundation for establishing guidelines in high temperature corrosion research.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Korrosion von Eisen und von drei handelsüblichen Stählen in H2—H2S- und H2—H2S-CO2—Gemischen bei 400 bis 700 CDas Korrosionsverhalten von drei handelsüblichen Stählen ein Kohlenstoffstahl, ein niedriglegierter Chromstahl (2,25Cr-1Mo) und ein mittellegierter Chromstahl (9Cr-1Mo) in H2—H2S- und H2—H2S-CO2—Gemischen wurde im Temperaturbereich 400 bis 700 C unter zwei verschiedenen Schwefel-Partialdrücken bei jeder Temperatur untersucht. Die ternären Gasgemische hatten den gleichen Schwefel-Partialdruck wie die binären Gemische, enthielten jedoch auch einen geringen Sauerstoff-Partialdruck. Die Korrosion von reinem Eisen wurde zu Vergleichszwecken in den H2—H2S-Gemischen ebenfalls untersucht. Die auf den Stählen entstehenden Zunder bestanden immer ausschließlich aus Sulfiden und wiesen eine typische Duplexstruktur sowie starke Neigung zur Rißbildung und Abplatzung beim Abkühlen auf. Die Korrosionskinetik der Stähle war im allgemeinen komplex mit einer Anfangsperiode abnehmender Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit mit einer anschließenden linearen Periode. Auf Eisen entstand hingegen ein kompakter, auf dem Metall gut haftender Zunder, wobei die Korrosionskinetik allgemein durch eine Oberflächenreaktion kontrolliert sein dürfte, die einen übergang von linearen zum parabolischen Verhalten entspricht. Die Kinetik und die Mechanismen des Zunderwachstums auf Eisen und den Stählen wurden untersucht und werden erörtert.
    Notes: The corrosion behavior of three commercial steels including a carbon, a low-chromium (2.25Cr-1Mo) and a medium-chromium (9Cr-1Mo) steel in H2—H2S and in H2—H2S-CO2 mixtures has been investigated at 400-700 C under two sulfur pressures at each temperature. The ternary mixtures had the same sulfur pressure as the binary gases, but also a small partial pressure of oxygen. The corrosion of pure iron in the same H2—H2S mixtures was also studied for comparison. The scales formed on the steels were always composed of sulfides only: they showed a typical duplex structure as well as a strong tendency to crack and spall off during cooling. The corrosion kinetics of the steels were generally irregular, presenting an initial period of decreasing rate and a second approximately linear stage. On the other hand, the scales formed on iron were compact and well adherent to the metal, while the corrosion kinetics appeared to be generally controlled by a surface reaction step, leading to a transition from linear to parabolic behavior. The kinetics and mechanisms of scale growth for both iron and the steels are examined and discussed.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 223-231 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Oxidation von Fe—Nb—Legierungen in 1 atm reinen Sauerstoffs bei 600-800°CDie Korrosion von zwei Fe-Nb-Legierungen mit 15 bzw. 30 Gewichts-% Nb ist bei 600-800 °C unter 1 atm reinen Sauerstoffs untersucht worden. Die Reaktion folgte im wesentlichen dem parabolischen Geschwindigkeitsgesetz mit Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, die erheblich niedriger lagen als für die Oxidation von reinem Eisen. Interne Oxidation und eine Verringerung an Niob in der Legierung sind in keinem Fall beobachtet worden. Der externe Zunder besteht aus einer Matrix aus Fe2O3, die eine Dispersion aus zweifachem Fe-Nb-Oxid enthält, während FeO und Fe3O4 nicht gefunden wurden. Das Oxidationsverhalten dieser Legierungen wird interpretiert in Bezug auf ein angepaßtes Phasendiagramm für das ternäre System Fe—Nb—O, wobei die Effekte der geringen Löslichkeit des Niobs im Grundmetall und die Anwesenheit von zwei Metallphasen in der Legierung berücksichtigt werden.
    Notes: The corrosion of two Fe-Nb alloys containing 15 and 30 wt% Nb has been studied at 600-800°C under 1 atm of pure oxygen. The reaction followed the parabolic rate law to a reasonable approximation with rate constants much lower than for the oxidation of pure iron under the same conditions. Internal oxidation and depletion of niobium in the alloy have never been observed. The external scales were composed of a matrix of Fe2O3 containing a dispersion of double Fe-Nb oxide, while FeO and Fe3O4 were not observed. The oxidation behavior of these alloys is interpreted with reference to an approximate phase diagram of the ternary system Fe—Nb—O, taking into account the effects of the low solubility of niobium in the base metals and of the presence of two metal phases in the alloy.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: XPS ; ESR ; temperature-programmed desorption ; vanadium phosphate ; selective oxidation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surface-sensitive techniques such as XPS, temperature-programmed desorption-mass spectrometry (TPD-MS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) have been used to study the effect of O2 treatment on the interaction of n-pentane with the surface of an ‘equilibrated’ (VO)2P2O7 catalyst. The study was carried out by means of TPD studies after the catalyst had been in contact with n-pentane at 613 K in the presence and in the absence of O2 and by comparing the results, depending on whether the sample was subjected or not to O2 pretreatment at 613 K previously, to n-pentane adsorption. The valence state of vanadium and the changes in the short-range order around vanadium at the surface after former pretreatments were studied by XPS and ESR techniques, respectively. It was concluded that no oxygen radicals can be created on this catalyst, thus excluding the possibility that these kinds of radicals are involved in the oxidation process. On the other hand, despite the fact that the valence state of vanadium at the surface is an important variable, surface topology around vanadium centres at the surface of the ‘equilibrated’ (VO)2P2O7 sample clearly influences the interaction of n-pentane with the surface. The short-range order around the vanadium sites does not seem to have much effect on the first steps of interaction of n-pentane on the catalyst, but instead alters the further oxidation processes acting on the molecules resulting from the first steps.© 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical, 2H NMR and dielectric spectroscopy techniques were used to identify the nature of the local motions involved in the secondary relaxations of a thermotropic aromatic terpolyester prepared from para-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroquinone and isophthalic acid. Three secondary relaxations, denoted β, γ, and δ, were detected. A β relaxation, pointed out by dynamic mechanical measurements, is quite close to the large amplitude π-flip processes observed by 2H NMR. Correlated motions of the para-substituted rings and adjacent carbonyl groups may also participate in the β process. Then, at lower temperatures, a γ process is detected by both dielectric and dynamic mechanical experiments. It is assigned to small amplitude oscillations of the isophthalic acid units of the HBA33 polymer. At high temperatures, a heavy overlap of broad rate distributions for the β and γ processes observed in the measurements precludes a more detailed analysis. A dielectric relaxation, denoted δ relaxation, is observed at very low temperatures. It likely comes from motions of a very small number of water molecules trapped in the structure of the terpolyester.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 38 (1987), S. 291-293 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß des Molverhältnisses Phenol: Formaldehyd auf die Viskosität und den Feststoffanteil des Harzes wurde untersucht. Die Bedingungen zur Herstellung eines Resols mit hohem Feststoffanteil und niedriger ViskositäUt werden aufgezeigt.
    Notes: The effect of the molar ratio phenol: formaldehyde on the viscosity and the solid content of the resin has been investigated. The conditions for preparation of a resole with high solid content and low viscosity are studied
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 12 (1974), S. 1925-1931 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of polyphenylquinoxalines has been synthesized by the reaction of p,p′-oxydibenzil with aromatic tetraamines containing varying numbers of fused rings. It was found that the glass transition temperatures of the resultant polymers increased as the the number of adjacent fused rings in the polymers was increased. This provided the basis for achieving glass transition temperatures for the polymers in excess of 400°C, substantially higher than the state-of-the art polyphenylquinoxalines. All of the polymers displayed both the good thermal stability and the solubility in m-cresol characteristic of the polyphenylquinoxaline family of polymers.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 1489-1497 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Continuous-wave rapid-passage proton NMR (30 MHz) was performed on lightly crosslinked natural cis-polyisoprene at elongations up to 720%, at temperatures between -100° and 100°C, and after delays of up to several weeks after stretch. A method of separating the spectra into a narrow and a wide component was developed and applied. The results are interpreted in terms of the effects of a glass transition and strain-induced crystallinity and are in general agreement with results by other methods. The degree of crystallinity is found to increase strongly with strain (from zero for unstretched samples to 31% at elongations of 720% at room temperature), to increase with time, reaching equilibirium most rapidly in the most highly strained samples, and to decrease approximately linearly with temperature above about 20°C.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2009-2020 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties, tensile strength, and elongation were investigated for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples mixed with dioctylphthalate (DOP) at concentrations from 0 to 100 parts per hundred parts PVC at 23°C. It was found that the tensile strength decreased with the increase of concentration, and the elongation was increased until a concentration of 30 DOP content, and then decreased. This leads to the suggestion that intermolecular plasticization is dominant until 30 DOP content, while interstructural plasticization is prevailing for higher concentrations. The permittivity ε′ and the dielectric loss factor ε″ of the same samples have been measured in the frequency range 102-105 Hz at temperatures from 3 to 96°C. Results show that as the DOP content increases in PVC, the dielectric absorption becomes broader, and the glass transition temperature Tg is lowered. The magnitude of the loss peak decreases with an increase of DOP content to a minimum at concentrations from 40 to 60 DOP content. At higher concentrations the loss peak is increased and Tg is unaltered. Another absorption was observed at 100 Hz and at high temperatures, which was attributed to Maxwell-Wagner effect or direct current conductivity or both of them. It was found that the sample containing 40 parts DOP in 100 parts PVC possesses the best mechanical and electrical properties.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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