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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel Permeation Chromatographic Calibration in Chloroform, N,N′-Dimethylformamide and Tetrahydrofuran; Reproducibility of Calibration in Chloroform (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 72 (1978), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird über Eichresultate mit Linearen Styragelkolonnen (Waters Associates) in Chloroform, N,N′-Dimethylformamid und Tetrahydrofuran unter Anwendung von Polystyrol-Standard-Substanzen berichtet. Eine Lineare Beziehung zwischen den Molekulargewichten und den Retentionsvolumina wurde im Molekulargewichtsbereich 4000-1000000 beobachtet. Die Daten in Chloroform sind über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren reproduzierbar. Die % σ-Werte variieren zwischen 0,56 und 1,30, was beweist, daß die Unbeständigkeit der Kolonneneichung bei gelchromatographischen Messungen nur einen kleinen Fehler verursacht.
    Notes: Results of calibration with linear styragel columns (Waters Associates) are presented in chloroform, N,N′-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran using standard polystyrenes. A linear relationship between molecular weight and retention volume is observed in the 4,000 to ∼ 1,000,000 molecular weight range. Reproducibility data for calibration in chloroform, over a period of two years, are presented. The % σ varies between 0.56-1.30 showing that the column calibration instability contributes only a small error to the gel permeation chromatographic measurements.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1978.050720118
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-5-oxazoione) and poly[(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-5-oxazolone)-co-(methyl methacrylate)]s. Synthesis, characterization and chemical modification with 4-methoxy-4′-(β-aminoethoxy)biphenyl (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199 (1998), S. 1657-1674 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-5-oxazolone) (P0) and poly[(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-5-oxazolone)-co-(methyl methacrylate)]s with increasing content of methyl methacrylate units (P1-P4) were synthesized and characterized. NMR spectra were discussed in terms of monomer sequence distribution and tacticity effects. The reaction of 4-methoxy-4′-hydroxybiphenyl (1) with 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline was utilized to prepare 4-methoxy-4′-(β-aminoethoxy)biphenyl (3) through the intermediate 4-methoxy-4′-[(N-propanoyl)-β-aminoethoxy]biphenyl (2). The homopolymer P0 and two copolymers P2 and P3 were functionalized with 4-methoxybiphenyl side groups by reaction with 3 via a ring-opening process in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or 1,2-dichloroethane. The resulting copolymers P5-P8 were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR. The highest degree of functionalized units was obtained in DMF at 80°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative surface analysis of styrene-butadiene copolymers using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 879-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The potential applicability of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS) as an independent quantitative technique has been studied using a more complicated copolymer system: styrene-butadiene copolymer. The complication of this system is that the characteristic SIMS peaks are not unique to each monomer. It has been found that quantitative information can be obtained from the relative SIMS intensities of certain characteristic peaks, i.e. m/z = 63, 89, 103 and 115 for styrene and 53, 67 and 79 for butadiene. In particular, the intensity ratios A/(A + B), where A and B represent, respectively, the above characteristic peaks of styrene and butadiene, have been found to be linearly related to the bulk styrene molar concentration. These results suggest that a sensitivity factor that is constant and independent of the copolymer composition can be defined for these peaks. However, this conclusion cannot be generalized for other SIMS peaks, such as m/z = 77, 91 and 105.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740231305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) study of SF6 and SF6-CF4 plasma-treated low-density polyethylene films (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 467-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is used to monitor in a semi-quantitative way the chemical modifications produced at low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film surfaces by SF6 and SF6-CF4 plasma treatments. The influence of the plasma treatment time (SF6 plasma) and the gas composition (SF6-CF4 plasma) have been investigated. The ToF-SIMS results are compared with plasma diagnostics (mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy) and with some earlier XPS characterization.The ToF-SIMS study of SF6 plasma-treated LDPE films as a function of the treatment time shows two different structural developments. Beside the expected formation of CxFy structures due to the grafting of F atoms, ToF-SIMS detects the presence of SFx species at the surface. Their high sensitivity to ablation, due to the plasma ions, was related to two possible interactions of plasma species with the LDPE surface: an adsorption of SFx+/- ions or a dissociative chemisorption of SFx neutral species. In the latter case, the low binding energy of the S—C bond can explain the high sensitivity to ablation.In the case of SF6-CF4 plasma treatment, the incorporation of fluorine, as seen by ToF-SIMS, is a function of the gas composition. Two maxima are observed when the second gas (either SF6 or CF4) is introduced at low concentration (∼10%). These maxima are confirmed by XPS and actinometric results and are explained with respect to the reciprocal influence of both gases in the plasma discharge.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740230706
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ToF SIMS study of the desorption of emulsifiers from polystyrene latexes (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 21 (1994), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The desorption of emulsifiers from the particle surface of polystyrene latexes prepared by emulsion polymerization has been studied by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF SIMS). Two polystyrene latexes prepared with respectively sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate as emulsifiers were compared. It has been shown that the quasi-molecular, parent ions and the characteristic fragments of the emulsifiers can easily be observed in positive and negative ToF SIMS. But these ions are more sensitive in the negative mode. The results have shown that after extensive purification with mixed-bed ion-exchange resins, the emulsifier was totally absent on the latex prepared with sodium dodecyl sulphate and that only traces of the emulsifier exist on the latex prepared with sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate. These results suggest that strong acid emulsifiers can be desorbed by mixed-bed ion-exchange resins.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740210611
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative XPS. Part I: Experimental determination of the relative analyser transmission function of two different spectrometers  -  a critical assessment of various methods, parameters involved and errors introducedPresented at the Seventh International Conference on Quantitative Surface Analysis held at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 8-11 September 1992. (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 179-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The relative analyser transmission functions of two different XPS spectrometers (VG ESCA-3 Mk II and SSI X-Probe of Fisons) have been determined experimentally by several methods presented in the literature. The transmission function of the VG ESCA-3 Mk II can be expressed as T ∝ Ea(Ea/Ek)n, where n is close to 0.8. The transmission function T of the SSI X-Probe cannot be presented as a separate function of Ea and Ek and it is expressed as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ T \propto \,\,E_{\rm a} (E_{\rm a} /E_{\rm k})^n,\,{\rm where}\,\,n = 0.5594\, + \,0.6072\,\log (E_{\rm a} /E_{\rm k})\, + \,0.3309\,\log ^2 (E_{\rm a} E_{\rm k}) $$\end{document}The possible influence of the efficiency D of the detector on the determined transmission functions is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods used are pointed out, together with their limitations and potential applications. The results show that some methods can only be applied to spectrometers such as the VG ESCA-3 Mk II in which n is a constant or depends only on Ek. The method proposed by Hemminger et al. [Surf. Interface Anal. 15, 323 (1990)] has been shown to be applicable to both spectrometers but a systematic error can be introduced when D is not constant. Such a systematic error can be reduced by another method but this method can only be applied to spectrometers in which the transmission function is known for a given analyser energy.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740200302
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Tacticity on Polymer Surfaces Studied by ToF-SIMS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 25 (1997), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: ToF-SIMS ; polymer toxicity ; poly(methylmethacrylate) ; polystyrene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) thin films of different tacticities have been analysed by time-of-flight (ToF) SIMS in order to look for a possible influence of the stereoregularity on their fingerprint spectra (m/z≤200). Because, at first glance, the spectra of samples with different tacticities seemed rather similar, the intensity ratios between secondary ions from main polymer chain and those from pendant group were evaluated. By this procedure, it was found that isotactic PMMA can be clearly distinguished from syndiotactic and atactic PMMA. A lower concentration of the methyl-methacrylate pendant group was detected at the surface of the isotactic sample. In the case of PS, more phenyl groups were found to be present at the surface of isotactic PS and an empirical criterion is proposed to differentiate between atactic and isotactic PS. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between adhesion, microstructure and composition of thermally evaporated Al thin films on PET (1990)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 16 (1990), S. 248-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740160154
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Static SIMS investigation of metal/polymer interfaces (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 328-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The formation of the interface between thermally evaporated metals (aluminium, copper) and polymers [poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)] has been investigated by static SIMS. Two generations of instrument have been used. The first one, using a quadrupole mass spectrometer directly connected to the same ultrahigh vacuum environment as the metallization chamber, has allowed an in situ characterization of the interface formation after each metal deposition in the submonolayer regime. The second system, using a time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometer, has allowed ex situ analyses of Al/PET, Cu/PET, Al/PMMA and Cu/PMMA interfaces. The high mass resolution of the ToF spectrometer led to the unambiguous identification of the molecular fragments that are characteristic of polymer-metal interaction. The results show that Al atoms react with the oxygenated parts of PET and PMMA. This interaction limits the lateral diffusion of Al atoms on the polymer surface and, consequently, induces a two-dimensional growth of the Al film on these polymer substrates. In the Cu deposition case, a weaker metal-polymer interaction is observed. This leads to Cu clustering and a three-dimensional growth. Time-of-flight SIMS molecular imaging clearly reveals Cu clusters on the PMMA surface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740230509
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Static SIMS spectra of polystyrene obtained by ‘living’ radical polymerization. Part I: Molecular weight-dependent fragmentation (1998)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 26 (1998), S. 569-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: polystyrene ; molecular weight ; ToF-SIMS ; fragmentation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A series of low-polydispersity polystyrenes with molecular weight ranging from 2000 to 130000 were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The end groups obtained by this polymerization process were hydrogen at one end and bromine at the other end. The molecular structure of the end groups and the molecular weight of the chains were found to influence significantly the absolute intensities of the end-group parent ions and the characteristic polystyrene fragments. For their formation, two different mechanisms have to be taken into account: direct scission and rearrangement before the emission.The absolute intensities of the end-group fragments in positive and negative modes exhibit a decrease when the molecular weight decreases. The protonated repeat unit fragments ([M+H]+ or C8H9+ at m/z=105) and bromide ions (Br- at m/z=79 and 81) are produced by a direct scission mechanism of the respective end groups. Meanwhile, the tropylium ion intensity (C7H7+ at m/z=91) increases for the low-molecular-weight (Mn) samples. This ion cannot be produced by a direct scission but a reorganization process of the polymer structure is required before the fragment emission.It is shown that, in static SIMS, the sensitivity towards the end group and then towards the molecular weight is dependent on the stability, the electroaffinity and/or the ionization potential of the ions formed from the end group. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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