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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 39 (1996), S. 627-639 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The swelling and viscoelastic behaviors of samples of purified arterial elastin were investigated to develop a model for studying the viscoelastic behavior of elastin. Two osmotic stress models were used: the vapor phase model (VPM), in which the stress on the elastin sample was applied through the vapor phase by equilibrating the sample over a saline solution, and the liquid phase model (LPM), in which the stress was applied through the liquid phase by equilibrating the sample in aqueous solutions of large molecular weight polymers. The elastin in the VPM showed a highly varied viscoelastic response, and was slightly stiffer and had a slightly higher damping coefficient than the elastin in the LPM at equivalent nominal relative humidities. We believe the difference in behavior of the elastin in the two models was due to geometric distortions of the elastin that occur during dehydration in the VPM. In the LPM, the spaces between the elastin fibrils are filled with water, and in the VPM these spaces collapse when the water is removed. Removal of only the interfibrillar water deswelled the tissue and increased its stiffness and damping coefficient.Viscoelastic spectra obtained at different levels of osmotic stress in the LPM were reducible to one master curve, indicating that the dominant effect of dehydration is a nonspecific reduction of molecular mobility. We conclude that the LPM is a better model than the VPM for studying the effects of dehydration on the mechanical behavior of elastin. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 74-77 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: High Temperature Corrosion in Petrol Refining by Sulfur CompoundsAt temperatures above 260°C only stainless, highly alloyed steels resist the attack of the most corrosive agent in petrol refining which is hydrogen sulfide. For high temperature corrosion by hydrogen sulfide, the influences of the duration of wear, the concentration of the hydrogen sulfide, the pressure, the properties of the refined petrol and the quality of the steel are of essential importance besides of the effects of temperature. The author reports on last years investigations in BP-research station on the corrosion of stainless steels by hydrogen sulfide at high temperatures. The corrosion of the surface, the inter-crystalline corrosion and the stress corrosion of steels are discussed in detail.
    Notes: Dem Angriff des wesentlichsten korrosiven Agens in Erdölraffinerien, dem Schwefelwasserstoff, bei hohen Temperaturen (über 260°C) widerstehen praktisch ausschließlich rostfreie, hochlegierte Stähle. Bei der Hochtemperatur-Korrosion durch Schwefelwasserstoff sind neben der Temperatur auch Beanspruchungsdauer, Schwefelwasserstoff konzentration, Druck, Beschaffenheit des zu raffinierenden Öles und die Stahlqualität von Einfluß. Verfasser berichtet über die in den letzten Jahren in der BP-Research Station durchgeführten Untersuchungen über die Korrosion von rostfreien Stählen durch Schwefelwasserstoff bei hohen Temperaturen, wobei allgemeine Oberflächen-korrosion, interkristalline Korrosion und Spannungskorrosion der Stähle eingebend behandelt werden.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 542-546 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion losses of zinc under direct and alternating current flow.Investigations have shown that zinc, as a pure bulk material as well as in the form of zinc coatings on earth contacts can be used for draining alternating current. There is no potential shift toward more positive values as e.g. in the case of magnesium under alternating current flow and the corrosion loss of zinc is increased negligibly. When using galvanized sheet iron earth contacts or zinc anodes for draining alternating current rare should be taken to avoid potential values more negative than - 1.5 V when additional cathodic protection is applied. Since zinc is an amphoteric metal, this would give rise to increase material losses because of the sodium hydroxide generated in such condition. The investigations have shown that at potentials, between - 1.1 and 1.5 V zinc loss is considerably reduced. When establishing the potential it should be considered that additional superposition of alternating current may cause the zinc potential to become more negative by approx. up to 0.1 V; this means that the potential should be selected between approx. - 1.3 and 1.4 V.
    Notes: Die Untersuchungen ergaben, daß Zink sowohl als Reinzink als auch als Verzinkung von Bandeisenerdern durchaus zur Ableitung von Wechselstrom eingesetzt werden kann. Eine durch Wechselstrom bedingte Verschiebung des Potentials in positiver Richtung, wie sie bei Magnesium auftritt, ist nicht gegeben. Bei Wechselstrombelastung wird die Abtragungsrate des Zinks nur unwesentlich erhöht.Allerdings ist beim Einsatz sowohl von verzinkten Bandeisenerdern als auch von Zinkanoden zur Ableitung von Wechselströmen darauf zu achten, daß bei zusätzlichem kathodischem Schutz keine Potentialwerte negativer als - 1,5 V eingestellt werden. Anderenfalls besteht die Möglichkeit, da es sich bei Zink um ein amphoteres Metall handelt, daß durch die dann entstehende Natronlauge ein erhöhter Materialabtrag stattfindet. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß bei Potentialwerten zwischen - 1,1 V bis - 1,5 V der Zinkabtrag erheblich vermindert wird. Bei Einstellung des Potentials muß berücksichtigt werden, daß durch die zusätzliche Wechselstrom-überlagerung das Zink-Potential bis etwa 0,1 V negativer werden kann, d. h. daß der Potentialwert nur auf ungefähr - 1,3 V bis - 1,4 V eingestellt werden sollte.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New methods for potential measurement without internal resistance (IR) in cathodic protection of underground pipelinesThe reliability of the cathodic protection depends on whether the potential measurement is free of errors or not. The main source of errors results from voltage drops in the soil. In the case of strongly fluctuating currents the true pipe-to-soil potential can be determined by measuring voltages above the pipe-line and extrapolating these values. This method supposes that the pipe coating has many holidays. The method is not applicable for well coated pipe-lines with the exception of such points where holidays are located.In the case of protected structures with locally different polarisation the off-potentials which normally indicate the true pipe-to-soil potentials can become erroneous due to voltage drops of compensating currents (cell current). Assuming an ideally same distribution of both the protection current and the compensating current the true pipe-to-soil potential can be calculated by measuring the on-and off-potentials and the voltage drop perpendicular to the pipe-line at the soil surface.These relationships can be experimentally verified with an electrolytic cell in the laboratory. In the field, however, deviations from identical distribution of the mentioned currents are possible due to interference of the potential fields of anodes and cathodes. the voltage drops due to compensating currents explain both possible corrosion damage in spite of sufficiently negative values of the off-potential and misinterpretation in the case of hot spot protection. From these results it can be shown that one cannot do away with external probes.
    Notes: Die Sicherheit des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes ist von der Fehlerfreiheit der Potentialmessung abhängig. Hierbei kommen als Fehler vor allem Ohmsche Spannungsabfälle im Erdboden infrage. Bei stark veränderlichen Strömen kann aus Messungen des Spannungsabfalls über der Rohrleitung das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential örtlich durch Extrapolation bestimmt werden, wenn die Rohrumhüllung verhältnismäßig viele Fehlstellen enthält. Das Verfahren ist sehr aufwendig und für gut umhüllte Rohrleitungen nicht anwendbar, wenn man von georteten Fehlstellen in der Umhüllung absieht.Bei stark unterschiedlich polarisierten Objekten können die sonst gut verwertbaren Ausschaltpotentiale durch Spannungsabfälle der Ausgleichsströme verfälscht sein. Für eine ideal gleiche Verteilung von Schutz-und Ausgleichsströmen läßt sich mit Hilfe der gemessenen Rohr/Boden-Potentiale und der Potentialdifferenzen senkrecht zur Rohrleitung bei ein- und ausgeschaltetem Schutzstrom das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential errechnen. Durch Versuche im elektrolytischen Trog konnten diese Zusammenhänge experimentell bewiesen werden. In der Praxis können Abweichungen vom idealen Verhalten auftreten, wenn die Spannungstrichter von Anode und Kathode sich beeinflussen. Die durch Ausgleichsströme verursachten Spannungstrichter erklären mögliche Schäden trotz scheinbar ausreichender negativer Ausschaltpotentialwerte und Fehlaussagen beim Lokalen kathodischen Korrosionsschutz. Damit wird verdeutlicht, daß auf externe Meßproben nicht verzichtet werden kann.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 37 (1986), S. 612-612 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Control measurements on cathodically protected pipelinesThe most important control measurement for the cathodic protection of buried pipelines is the measurement of the pipel soil potential. On the strength of experimental and theoretical investigations, it is possible to indicate safe protection potentials at which the corrosion rate becomes practically insignificant. In applying the scientific results of electro-chemistry to cathodic protection in practice, problems may be encountered if phenomena are over-simplified or if local conditions are not sufficiently taken into account.Such practical problems are not so much concerned with measuring instruments and reference electrodes; they are more associated with the measuring methods subsequently described and with the fact that influence factors difficult to ascertain must be taken into account.The cathodic polarisation at the metal surface to be protected is composed of overtensions of a penetration and a diffusion type. In addition, there occurs a resistance polarisation which may be governed, on the one hand, by the ohmic voltage drop between pipe surface and reference electrode and, on the other hand, by poorly conducting coating or insulating layers. The latter usually cause, at the same time, a change in the diffusion type overtension. Since the resistance polarisation does not partake in the reaction kinetics, this influence must be eliminated in measuring the protection potential. Since the different types of polarisation have different type curves, it is possible to ascertain the separate partial reactions in accordance with the normal methods of electro-chemistry. By means of oscillographic recordings of potential/time curves, through calculation or with the aid of suitable measuring bridges, it is possible to eliminate the resistance polarisation or to determine the ohmic voltage drop in the electrolyte.
    Notes: Die wichtigste Kontrollmessung für den kathodischen Schutz erdverlegter Rohrleitungen ist die Messung des Rohr/Boden-Potentials. An Hand experimenteller und theoretischer Untersuchungen ist es möglich, sichere Schutzpotentiale anzugeben, bei denen die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit praktisch bedeutungslos wird. Bei der Anwendung wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse der Elektrochemie auf den kathodischen Schutz in der Praxis können Probleme auftreten, wenn Vorgänge zu stark vereinfacht und örtliche Gegebenheiten nicht genügend berücksichtigt werden.Solche praktischen Probleme liegen weniger bei Meßgeräten und Bezugselektroden, als bei den anschließend beschriebenen Meßverfahren und der Berücksichtigung schwer erfaßbarer Einflußgrößen. Die kathodische Polarisation an der Zu schützenden Metalloberfläche Setzt sich aus einer Durchtritts- und einer Diffusionsüberspannung zusammen. Ferner tritt eine Widerstandspolarisation auf, die einerseits durch den Ohmschen Spannungsabfall zwischen Rohroberfläche und Bezugselektrode, andererseits durch schlecht leitende Deck- oder Isolierschichten gegeben sein kann. Letztere verursachen meist gleichzeitig eine Änderung der Diffusionsüberspannung. Da die Widerstandspolarisation keinen Anteil an der Reaktionskinetik besitzt, muß ihr Einfluß bei der Schutzpotentialmessung eliminiert werden. Auf Grund eines zeitlich unterschiedlichen Verhaltens der Polarisationsarten gelingt die Aufspaltung der einzelnen Teilreaktionen nach den in der Elektrochemie üblichen Verfahren. Durch oszillographische Aufnahme won Potential-Zeitkurven, durch Rechnung oder mit geeigneten Meßbrücken kann die Widerstandspolarisation ausgeschaltet bzw. der Ohmsche Spannungsabfall im Elektrolyten ermittelt werden.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 6 (1962), S. S57 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 953-969 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The quaternization of poly(ar-vinylbenzyl chloride) with trimethylamine is shown to be a nucleophilic displacement reaction, the kinetics of which are complicated by several factors, notably differences in the reactivities of o- and p-chloromethyl groups (position isomerism), differences in the reactivities of groups as a function of the reacted or unreacted status of immediately adjacent groups (neighboring group effect), and differences in the reactivities of groups arising from the microtacticity of the polymer segment (configurational effects). Estimates of mean rate constants, activation energies, and preexponential factors are given for high purity poly-p-vinylbenzyl chloride and for the analogous ortho polymer.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2025-2033 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High molecular weight poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) fails to undergo many classical organic reactions, but may be reacted essentially quantitatively with a variety of tert-amines to yield the corresponding quaternary polymers. With dimethyl-n-alkylamines, polymers of the type are formed; these are water-soluble through R = n-decyl and methanol-soluble through R = n-hexadecyl. A number of polyridines and dialkyl sulfides react similarly to yield the corresponding polycationics. These reactions are controlled by several factors not operative in small-molecule reactions: nucleophile partitioning in the initially heterogeneous systems, swelling power of the medium for the reactant polymer, and a sharp steric limitation imposed by the configuration of the high polymer. This steric effect may be exploited by using certain hindered primary and secondary amines to prepare substituted poly-(vinylbenzylamines) which are soluble and noncrosslinked.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This article introduced the formation of an unsaturated polyester/diol-polyurethane hybrid polymer networks(UP/PU HPNs). The phase behavior was examined by the dynamic mechanical properties and the morphology was investigated by transmission microscope(TEM) and atomic force microscopy(AFM). The effect of phase separation on mechanical properties is briefly described as well.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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