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  • 1
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Messung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von in oxydierender Umgebung entstehenden OberflächenfilmenDie mechanischen Eigenschaften von Oberflächenzunder auf Eisen und Nickel wurden mit Hilfe einer Vibrationstechnik schon früher bei hohen Temperaturen während des Wachstums bestimmt. Die Möglichkeit der Anwendung dieser Methode zur Untersuchung anderer Systeme wird erörtert und besonders die Anwendung auf Hochtemperaturlegierungen wird untersucht. Der Einfluß von Temperatur, Oxidationsgeschwindigkeit und Oxidstabilität auf die Ergebnisse werden erörtert und der E-Modul des Oxidzunders auf Nimonic 90 wurde in einem größeren Temperaturberich bestimmt.
    Notes: The mechanical properties of surface scales on iron and nickel have been previously measured, during growth at high temperatures, using a vibrational technique (1,2). The feasibility of using this technique to study other systems is discussed and, in particular, its application to high-temperature, oxidation rate and oxide stability on the results are considered and values of the Youngs modulus of the oxide scale on Nimonic 90 over a range of temperatures have been determined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 446-450 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Silicium und Yttrium auf die isothermische Verzunderung einer austenitischen FeCrNi-Legierung (IN 519) bei 1000 °CSowohl Silizium als auch Yttrium beeinflussen das Verzunderungsverhalten von austenitischen FeCrNi-Legierungen in Luft hoher Temperatur. Silizium fördert die Bildung und Erhaltung eines kontinuierlichen Chromoxidzunders, während Yttrium die Haftfestigkeit der Zunderschicht erhöht. Unter isothermischen Bedingungen wird bei 1000°C durch mindestens 0,8% Silizium die Verzunderungsgeschwindigkeit der Gießlegierung Fe 24Cr24Ni dadurch verringert, daß zusätzliche Zentren für die seitliche Ausbreitung der Chromoxidschicht geschaffen werden. Yttrium führt zur Bildung von Fe9Y-Teilchen, welche die Kontinuität der Chromoxidschicht unterbrechen. Der günstige Einfluß des Siliziums überwiegt bei den potentiell schädlichen Wirkungen des Yttriums in Legierungen, die beide Elemente enthalten.
    Notes: When present in austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni alloys, both silicon and yttrium influence scaling behaviour during oxidation tests in air at high temperatures. The former promotes the formation and maintenance of a continuous Cr2O3 scale and the latter improves scale adhesion. During the isothermal exposure of nominally Fe + 24%Cr + 24%Ni east alloys at 1000°C a silicon content above 0.8% reduces the rate of scaling by providing additional sites for the lateral growth of the Cr2 O3 layer. Yttrium gives rise to the formation of Fe9Y particles which disrupt the continuity of the Cr2O3 scale. The beneficial influence of silicon dominates the potentially detrimental effect of yttrium in alloys containing both silicon and yttrium.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 35 (1984), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Silicium und Yttrium auf die Verzunderung austenitischer FeCrNi-Legierungen bei thermischer WechselbeanspruchungMit Hilfe von thermogravimetrisch und aufgrund der Resonanzfrequenz erhaltenen Ergebnissen sowie der Gefügeanalyse wird der Einfluß von Silicium- und/oder Yttrium-Zusätzen zu Fe 24 Cr 24 Ni auf das Oxidationsverhalten bei thermischer Wechselbeanspruchung untersucht. Silicium begünstigt danach die Bildung eines schützenden Chromoxidzunders, jedoch kann die Ansammlung einer mechanisch schwachen, siliciumreichen Oxidschicht an der Zunder/Metall-Grenzfläche zum Abplatzen des Zunders führen. Yttrium allein beeinflußt das Oxidationsverhalten nur geringfügig; zusammen mit Silicium verhindert es jedoch die Bildung der genannten siliciumreichen Zwischenoxidschicht. Die Temperaturänderung, die erforderlich ist, um den Zunder zum Abplatzen zu bringen und die schützende Wirkung aufzuheben, dient als Maß für die mechanische Integrität der entstandenen Zunderschicht. Die Fähigkeit von Legierungen, auch bei häufigem Temperaturwechsel rasch schützende Zunderschichten zu bilden und Schäden der Zunderschicht im Laufe längerer isothermischer Behandlung zum Ausheilen zu bringen, werden getrennt untersucht.
    Notes: Data obtained using thermogravimetric and resonant frequency techniques and the results of structural analysis are used to evaluate the effects on oxidation of silicon and/or yttrium additions to an Fe-24% Cr-24% Ni alloy tested under thermal cycling conditions. Silicon promotes the formation of a protective chromia scale, but the accumulation of a mechanically weak, silicon-rich oxide at the scale-metal interface eventually leads to scale spalling. Yttrium alone is found to have little influence on the rate of alloy degradation, but in alloys containing silicon its presence prevents the accumulation of the interfacial silicon-rich oxide layer. The temperature change required to cause scale failure and loss of protection to the substrate material is used as a measure of the mechanical integrity of the scales formed. The ability of alloys to form scales rapidly under conditions of frequent thermal cycling and to repair damage caused to a scale grown over a prolonged period of isothermal exposure are separately examined.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Studie umfaßt Verbundwerkstoffe auf Polypropylen(PP)-Basis (Homopolymeres und schlagzäh modifiziertes Copolymeres) und oberflächenaktiviertes Aluminiumhydroxid. Differentialkalometrische Untersuchungen (DSC) und Röntgenbeugungsanalysen (XRD) wurden vorgenommen. Die verwendeten Aktivierungsmittel umfaßten ein 2-Dodecen-1-yl-bernsteinsäureanhydrid (DDSA) als Dispergiermittel und ein kommerzielles Haftmittel auf Silan-Basis (BA Chemicals S21). Das mit DDSA behandelte Al(OH)3 zeigte eine wesentlich geringere Abhängigkeit der Keimbildung vom Füllstoffgehalt und in einigen Verbunden ein verstärktes Wachstum von β-PP. Bei Aktivierung durch S21 war die Wirkung des Füllstoffs als Nukleierungsmittel nicht aufgehoben, auch wenn die Elastomerphase im Falle des schlagzäh modifizierten PP den Füllstoff einbettet. Untersuchungen mittels DSC und XRD wiesen darauf hin, daß bei unbehandeltem Füllstoff ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen Keimbildung und Füllstoffoberfläche besteht. Bei mit S21 behandeltem Füllstoff war dies jedoch nicht der Fall; die keimbildung war vom Zufall und/oder von den Fließbedingungen bestimmt, nicht von der Füllstoffoberfläche.
    Notes: Composites based on polypropylene (PP) (homopolymer and impact modified copolymer) and surface modified aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) have been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Filler surface modifiers used included 2-dodecen-1-yl succinic anhydride (DDSA) as a dispersant and a commercial silane based coupling agent system (BA Chemicals S21). Treatment of the Al(OH)3 with DDSA led to a considerable reduction of the capacity of the filler to nucleate crystallisation in the PP and, in some composites, promoted growth of β-PP. With the S21 treatment, however, a nucleation effect was still apparent, despite encapsulation of the filler particles with the elastomeric phase in the case of the impact modified PP. DSC and XRD studies indicated that with the untreated filler nucleation was directly associated with the filler surface. However, with the S21 treated filler this was not the case and PP nucleation was random and/or flow induced with no association with the filler surface.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 47 (1996), S. 450-454 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyisoprene and polybutadiene samples, prepared from the respective monomers using lanthanide-based catalysts, have been analyzed in terms of microstructure, glass transition temperatures and stabilities to thermo-oxidative degradation. Quantitative determination of 1,4-cis/trans, 1,2- and 3,4-contents have been made from the IR spectra of the polymers. Attempts to use 1H and 13C NMR and Raman spectroscopy to analyze the microstructure of the materials has at best proved only partially successful. TGA and IR spectroscopy have been used to study the influence of catalyst residue on the thermo-oxidative degradation of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 1213-1224 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthetic details of solution polymerization in benzene and bulk polymerization of vinylferrocene are reported. In benzene solutions, with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator, small yields of low-polydispersity low molecular weight (M̄n ≃ 5000) polyvinylferrocene is obtained. However, high yields can be obtained by continuous or multiple AIBN addition. Higher molecular weight polymers and binodal polymers can be obtained as the monomer concentration is increased. In bulk polymerizations, yields of 80% can be obtained. The molecular weight increases as temperature decreases from 80 to 60°C in bulk polymerizations, and an increasing amount of insoluble polymer results. The soluble portion is often binodal, the higher molecular weight node consisting of an increasingly branched structure. Lower molecular weight polymer was readily fractionated into narrow fractions from benzene-methanol systems, but higher molecular weight polymer proved impossible to fractionate into narrow fractions due to branching.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 9 (1985), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A review is presented of the gaseous combustion and pyrolysis products evolved from coal, wood and PVC. Information has been collated on the range of products evolved, the temperatures of evolution and the effect of different ambient conditions (e.g. oxidizing of inert conditions). The data for coal have been subdivided into those from which rates of gas evolution have been or can be derived and those from which this is not possible. Probable decomposition routes for PVC and for wood are discussed. Although all three materials have been widely studied, the correlation between the work of different authors in not always good. The data obtained are dependent on the form of the experiment, and there are gaps in the information available, especially information on the rates of evolution of products of products as a function of temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An analysis, using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-linked mass spectroscopy, of the major products evolved as a function of temperature from coal, wood and PVC conveyor belting is described. The effect of these products, both collectively and as individual species, on the electrical properties of zinc oxide gas sensors has been investigated: the conductance of the sensors was measured in air containing either the total products evolved from the heated materials or the individual products eluted from a gas chromatographic column. Thus, the products from the different materials which make up the total zinc oxide gas sensor response at different material temperatures were identified. For coal dust heated in air the sensors responded to aromatic hydrocarbons H2 and CO, which were evolved between 100° and 200°C. For coal heated in nitrogen the sensors responded to the aromatic hydrocarbons evolved between 100° and 170°C. For PVC conveyor belt heated in air, the low temperature response was to the low levels of HCl evolved below 200°C. Finally, for hardwood dust heated in air the sensors responded primarily to the acid vapour evolved between 170° and 200°C.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A mathematical and computational model simulating the coupled heat and mass transfer and related processes in porous media exposed to elevated temperatures has been developed. Taking into account the conservation of mass, momentum and energy, and including the effects of evaporation and dehydration processes on the transport phenomena, a set of three coupled nonlinear differential equations is obtained. Siliceous aggregate concrete slabs subjected to the ASTM E119 standard fire exposure are modeled and validated against test data. Output depicts the coupled relationships between the material's temperature, moisture content, and pore pressure histories and distributions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 45 (1960), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reaction between Et3Al and TiCl4 is discussed, with emphasis on the effect of temperature, concentration, stoichiometry, and order of component addition on the ability of products to catalyze the isotactic polymerization of styrene. A well-defined peak in relative catalyst activity becomes apparent when the interaction of these variables is followed by measuring the average oxidation state of titanium. Experimentally, the polymerization is first-order with respect to styrene and titanium, although efficiency of Ti use is small. The mode of polymerization is characterized by a lower activation energy for active site generation and a higher activation energy for termination than is typical of free-radical polymerization. A convenient procedure for laboratory preparation of isotactic polystyrene employing the Et3Al/TiCl4 catalyst is given.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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