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  • Articles  (132)
  • Animals  (76)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (56)
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  • 1
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    Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sala, O E -- Chapin, F S 3rd -- Armesto, J J -- Berlow, E -- Bloomfield, J -- Dirzo, R -- Huber-Sanwald, E -- Huenneke, L F -- Jackson, R B -- Kinzig, A -- Leemans, R -- Lodge, D M -- Mooney, H A -- Oesterheld, M -- Poff, N L -- Sykes, M T -- Walker, B H -- Walker, M -- Wall, D H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1770-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiologicas y Ecologicas vinculadas a la Agricultura, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martin 4453, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina. sala@ifeva.edu.ar〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Induction of mucosal and systemic immunity to a recombinant simian immunodeficiency viral protein (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-20
    Description: Heterosexual transmission through the cervico-vaginal mucosa is the principal route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Africa and is increasing in the United States and Europe. Vaginal immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) had not yet been studied in nonhuman primates. Immune responses in macaques were investigated by stimulation of the genital and gut-associated lymphoid tissue with a recombinant, particulate SIV antigen. Vaginal, followed by oral, administration of the vaccine elicited three types of immunity: (i) gag protein p27-specific, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the vaginal fluid, (ii) specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and helper function in B cell p27-specific IgA synthesis in the genital lymph nodes, and (iii) specific serum IgA and IgG, with CD4+ T cell proliferative and helper functions in the circulating blood.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehner, T -- Bergmeier, L A -- Panagiotidi, C -- Tao, L -- Brookes, R -- Klavinskis, L S -- Walker, P -- Walker, J -- Ward, R G -- Hussain, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 20;258(5086):1365-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1360702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Female ; Gene Products, gag/*immunology ; Immunity ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Mucous Membrane/immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Saliva/immunology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/*immunology ; Vagina/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of B-DNA cross-linking and sequence-reading molecules (1995)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 35 (1995), S. 543-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report the design of hybrid molecules to bind in the minor groove of B-DNA, which combine DNA alkylating and cross-linking ability for increased chemotherapeutic efficacy, with sequence specificity, to minimize side effects. Optimal linkage geometries have been determined for the synthesis of bis-anthramycin and anthramycin-netropsin hybrid molecules. Earlier studies on linked drugs have typically been based on molecular mechanics calculations. This work, in contrast, uses the observed crystal structures of a netropsin/DNA complex and a new anthramycin/DNA complex to determine the exact spacing between two individual drugs when bound in the minor groove of B-DNA. Molecular linkers then are designed and tested between these two experimental positions, to form a chimeric or bis-linked compound molecule. A linked anthramycin-netropsin molecule has been designed specifically to target the polypurine tract second-strand primer site of the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360350513
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The vibrational spectra of some ethylene-propylene copolymers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1973), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: IR- und RAMAN-Spektren von Äthylen-Propylen-Copolymeren werden mitgeteilt und ihre Bedeutung im Hinblick auf die Struktur der „kristallinen“ Polymereinheiten diskutiert. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die Schwingungsspektroskopie in diesem Fall zur Strukturbestimmung verwendet werden kann und daß durch Zugabe kleiner Mengen Propylens zum Äthylen die Kristallinität in den Blöcken des letzteren zu einer weniger normalen Form abgewandelt wird, die nur eine Kette pro Einheitszelle enthält. In diesen besonderen Fällen scheint bei niedrigeren Äthylen-Konzentrationen in den beiden (Äthylen- und Propylen-)Bereichen eine normale Kristallisation stattzufinden.
    Notes: IR- and RAMAN spectra of ethylene-propylene copolymers are given, and their significance is discussed in terms of the structure of the “crystalline” units. It is concluded that vibrational spectroscopy is applicable to the structural diagnosis in this case, and that the addition of small amounts of propylene to ethylene alters the crystallinity in blocks of the latter to the less normal form containing only one chain per unit cell. In these particular cases, at lower ethylene concentrations normal crystallisation seems to occur in both ethylenic and propylenic sectors.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1973.021730113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new structural parameter of polymers-the relative number of network bonds per unit volume (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 139-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we define a new structural parameter of polymers, and show how this may be employed. This parameter, for which only the structure and the density are needed, is the relative number of network bonds per unit volume; it is written Ner (basis 1 cm3), and it is used in conjunction with the average connectivity or connection number CN of the network atoms, where the word connection also refers only to network bonds. The relationship of these two numbers makes it possible to present a unified picture of all polymers, organic and inorganic, including such highly condensed networks as diamond. By plotting Ner against CN, the region in which inorganic and organic polymers occur can be seen. This is called the polymer zone, and it is evident that carbon polymers occupy only a small part of it. From this graph, an arbitrary measure of bond packing efficiency can be deduced for carbon polymers. In addition, the process of graphitization and carbonization can be followed graphically within the polymer zone. Ner is also related to certain physical properties such as bulk modulus, hardness, and cubical coefficient of expansion, which depend (among other things) on the tightness of bond arrangement. The resultant correlations can be used to predict the value of Ner required to achieve given values of these properties for the more rigid structures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1972.070160113
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High performance size exclusion chromatography of polyamic acidPortions of this article were presented at the November 1985 The Society of Plastic Engineers Second International Conference on Polyimides, Ellenville, NY. (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 1649-1657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular weight studies of polyamic acids are complicated by polyelectrolyte effects. Although early work on the molecular weight determination of polyamic acids employed salts to suppress this polyelectrolyte effect, recent publications reveal that such salts can cause precipitation of polyamic acids from solution, however, a mobile phase consisting of 0.03M LiBr/0.03M H3PO4/1% vol THF in dimethyl formamide was reported to successfully suppress the noted polyelectrolyte effect without causing the precipitation of polyamic acid and give satisfactory size exclusion chromatograms using columns packed with “macro-porous” glasses. However, the development time was long (ca. 4 h) and considering the lability of the polyamic acids, the results must be viewed with skepticism. We find that use of a similar “mixed” mobile phase with Zorbax® PSM-Bimodal columns using size exclusion chromatography in the high performance mode (HPSEC) provides well resolved and reproducible chromatograms and molecular weight data with development times of 〈 15 min. Aside from the avoidance of long development times, which can lead to questionable results, this procedure permits the facile routine analysis of polyamic acid on a daily basis. The procedure has great utility as an analytical tool to support fundamental studies of polyamic acid chemistry and two examples of this application are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260615
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anionic syntheses of terminally functionalized ethylene oligomers (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4205-4226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthetic procedures for preparation of terminally functionalized linear ethylene oligomers are described. The preferred synthetic method is anionic oligomerization of ethylene with n-butyllithium-tetramethylethylenediamine and electrophilic substitution of the living oligomer so-formed. Conditions and procedures for subsequent chemistry to elaborate the end groups of these oligomers are described. These procedures afford strictly linear ethylene oligomers which contain a wide variety of end groups and which range in molecular weight from 1000 to 4500 (Mn). The product oligomers were characterized spectroscopically as toluene-d8 solutions at 110°C using multinuclear NMR, FT-IR, fluorescence, and UV-visible spectroscopies as appropriate. Alternative stepwise approaches to such oligomers are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080271226
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New chemically prepared conducting “pyrrole blacks” (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 1285-1294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of electrically conducting pyrrole “black” polymers has been prepared by chemical oxidation of pyrrole with a variety of ferric salts. The synthesis and properties of these materials are described and compared with electrochemically-prepared analogs. Pyrrole “blacks” with strong acid anion “dopants” exhibited the highest conductivities, up to 62 Ω cm-1 for the triflate-doped polymer. The adjustability and ease of synthesis of the ferric-derived polypyrroles render these particularly promising for large-scale processing of conducting polymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260503
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal synthesis under langmuir monolayersWe thank Mr. J. M. Didymus for assistance with control experiments and Mr. B. Chapman for help with X-ray diffraction measurements. The work was supported by the SERC and ICI plc. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 2 (1990), S. 257-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19900020507
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress in the design of DNA sequence-specific lexitropsins (1997)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 44 (1997), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: sequence-specific polyamides ; minor groove ; rational drug design ; DNA ; lexitropsins ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequence-specific polyamides that bind in the minor groove of DNA are attractive candidates for antibiotics, cancer chemotherapeutics, and transcriptional antagonists. This paper reviews the progress of structure-based design of minor-groove-binding polyamides, from the first structure of netropsin with DNA, to the effective linked polyamides currently under study. A theory of polyamide specificity is also reviewed, introducing methods to determine the optimal strategies for targeting a given DNA sequence within a genome of competing sequences. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 44: 323-334, 1997
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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