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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • Numerical Methods and Modeling  (2)
  • Scenedesmus quadricauda  (2)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 74 (1980), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: metals ; toxicity ; algal assay ; bottle test ; algae ; Chlorella fusca ; Ankistrodesmus bibraianum ; Scenedesmus quadricauda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The shortcomings of many established toxicity criteria for metals have resulted from a simplification of bioassays performed with single metals. A more comprehensive approach was needed to diagnose the effects of metal mixtures on aquatic organisms. Using Chlorella, Ankistrodesmus and Scenedesmus as test organisms, we experimented on a number of factors which affected metal toxicity bioassays. These included metal interactions, algal competitions, species sensitivities, the ratio of an excess metal to other metals and nutrient levels. An alternative technique was finally established which involved an evaluation of individual assays of Chlorella and Ankistrodesmus in separate media and a tissue-metal analysis on Chlorella. Chlorella fusca, commonly found in lakes with high metal concentrations, showed high tolerance to mixed-metal solutions, while Ankistrodesmus proved to be very sensitive. By determining the maximum yield ratio between Ankistrodesmus and Chlorella (i.e. the A/Ch ratio) it was possible to compare the toxic strength of harmful metals according to an established standard curve of A/Ch ratio versus mixed-metal concentrations. The levels of tissue-metal analysed in Chlorella also gave some indication as to which metals were responsible for the toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 85 (1981), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: metal interactions ; toxicity ; algal assays ; bottle test ; algae ; Scenedesmus quadricauda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Different studies on the toxicity of the same metals to algae have often shown divergent and sometimes contradictory results. The inconsistency of these findings was often attributed to environmental factors such as the degree of chelation, complexation and precipitation of metals. Conventionally, toxicity tests of metal mixtures were conducted by adding metals to algae growing in synthetic media. In our study, we examined the ‘in vivo’ toxic effects of metals by pretreating the algal cells with one metal, resuspendeding them in fresh medium, then exposing them to a second metal. The algal response showed marked differences between the conventional and the new approach. The conventional approach shows that the toxicity depends upon the complexes formed externally, whereas the in vivo approach shows that the toxicity probably depends upon the molecular transformation of the metals internally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1998), S. 879-893 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: derogatory eigenproblems ; Jordan blocks ; Jordan chains ; Segre characteristic ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The major obstacle to determination of the Jordan chains for a highly degenerated eigenproblem is that the triangular combinations of the principal vectors in a Jordan chain are also principal vectors and the linear combinations of the eigenvectors of all Jordan blocks associated with the same eigenvalue are also eigenvectors. These indeterminate constants will hide the Jordan block structure and make the analysis very difficult. We propose an extended matrix method to find the Jordan chains and eliminate the indeterminate constants so that the Jordan block structure can be computed sequentially. An example with the Segre characteristic [(321)11] is given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Entgegengesetzte Ladungen wurden durch tertiäre Amin- und Carboxylgruppen in Polyurethan (PU) und Polystyrol (PS) eingeführt, um durch gemeinsame Massepolymerisation ein interpenetrierendes PU/PS Polymernetzwerk (IPN) zu erhalten. Vier IPNs wurden hergestellt: ein Voll-IPN, zwei Semi-IPNs und ein lineares Blend. Die Wirkung der geladenen Gruppen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Morphologie der vier Polymermischungen wurde untersucht.Es wurde gefunden, daß PU/PS IPNs mit geladenen Gruppen keine Phasenseparation und somit homogene Verteilung aufweisen, was durch elektronenmikroskopische (SEM) Aufnahmen nachgewiesen wurde. Dynamisch-mechanische Messungen zeigen, daß die Übergangspeaks des Verlust-Moduls E″ in die Mitte zwischen den beiden Übergangspeaks der beiden Komponenten ohne geladene Gruppen liegen. Dies ist von der Zunahme des Gehaltes an geladenen Gruppen abhängig. Gleichzeitig nimmt der Speichermodul E′ in einer Stufe ab, was im Gegensatz zu der zweistufigen Abnahme bei Proben ohne Ladungsträger steht.Die Zugfestigkeit nimmt in allen vier Polymermischungen mit der Zunahme an Acrylsäure (AA) in Poly(Styrol-Acrylsäue) PSAA zu, was in dem PU/PSAA Voll-IPN besonders deutlich wird.
    Notes: Opposite charges, namely tertiary amine and carboxyl groups, were introduced into polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS), respectively, to prepare PU/PS interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) by means of simultaneous bulk polymerization. Four IPNs were synthesized: a full-IPN, two semi-IPNs and a linear blend. The effect of charge groups on the mechanical properties and morphology of the four polymer alloys was investigated.It is found that the PU/PS IPN which was incorporated with charge groups is free of any phase-separation, and sufficiently uniformly distributed, as can be seen from the corresponding scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that the transition peak of the loss modulus E″ will move towards the centre between the two transition peaks of both components in the absence of charge groups, as a function of an increase in the contents of the opposite charge groups. Meanwhile the storage modulus E′ will decrease in a single-stage way from the previous two-stage mode.The tensile strength in all the four polymer alloys increased markedly along with an increase in the contents of acrylic acid (AA) in the poly(styrene-acrylic acid) (PSAA), which clearly can be seen for the PU/PSAA full-IPN.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 22 (1984), S. 979-991 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A linear chain model is used to calculate the thermal expansivities of polymer crystals from room temperature down to liquid-helium temperature. Because of restraint by strong covalent forces, vibrations along the chains give a negligible contribution. Vibrations transverse to the chains cause the length projected along the chain direction to decrease. The expansivity along the chain direction, αc∥ is therefore negative, and has temperature dependence characterized by the low Debye temperature of transverse vibrations. These vibrations, through a cubic term in the interchain van der Waals potential, also cause a positive expansivity, αc⊥ perpendicular to the chain direction. The theoretical predictions for αc∥ and αc⊥ agree quite well with experimental data over the wide temperature range under consideration.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 23 (1985), S. 1495-1504 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A linear lattice model without adjustable parameters provides an accurate description of the magnitude and temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of Kc of polyethylene crystals parallel (∥) and perpendicular (⊥) to the chain direction. The model shows that heat is transported principally by phonons polarized transverse (T) to the chain direction. Phonons polarized longitudinal (L) to the chain direction contribute about 20% to the heat transport along the chain direction, and negligibly to heat transport perpendicular to the chain direction. Thermal resistance is caused by LTT three-phonon umklapp scattering in the parallel direction, and by TTT scattering in the perpendicular direction. The calculated values for large crystals are Kc∥ = 465 W m-1 K-1, Kc∥ = 0.16 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K, in agreement with experimental estimates and implying an anisotropy ratio of Kc∥/Kc⊥ ≈ 3000. The axial thermal conductivity of polyethylene crystals is extremely high and comparable to that of copper. Comparison with experimental data on semicrystalline samples at lower temperature yields a crude value of mean free path for boundary scattering of about 50 nm, agreeing in order of magnitude with the size of crystalline blocks.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 971-981 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal expansivity of polymer crystals in the direction parallel to the chain axis α∥ is studied in a planar zig-zag chain model. Using values of force constants for polyethylene, it was found that α∥ = -1.3 × 10-5 K-1, in good agreement with experimental results. Torsional modes are found to contribute slightly more than half α∥. The expansivity is independent of the mass of the atomic groups on the chain and only weakly dependent on the interchain van der Waals interaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 43 (1998), S. 1253-1273 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; continuum modelling ; traffic equilibrium ; user-optimal pattern ; fixed demand ; variable demand ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we consider a city with a highly compact Central Business District (CBD), and the commuters’ destinations from the CBD are dispersed over the whole city. The street network is approximated as a continuum and commuters’ movements in the city are measured by the flow intensity, and the local travel cost depends on the location and the traffic flow intensity. We extend the continuum user equilibrium problem to deal with the case of variable demand, in which the traffic demand from any destination in the city to the CBD is assumed to be a function of both the destination location and the total travel cost to the CBD. An equivalent mathematical model is formulated and proved to satisfy the user equilibrium conditions, which is then solved by a finite element solution algorithm. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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