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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (65)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (2)
  • Cooperative Game  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of game theory 21 (1992), S. 249-266 
    ISSN: 1432-1270
    Keywords: Cooperative Game ; Shapley Value ; Precedence Constraint ; Marginal Contribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Cooperative games are considered where only those coalitions of players are feasible that respect a given precedence structure on the set of players. Strengthening the classical symmetry axiom, we obtain three axioms that give rise to a unique Shapley value in this model. The Shapley value is seen to reflect the expected marginal contribution of a player to a feasible random coalition, which allows us to evaluate the Shapley value nondeterministically. We show that every exact algorithm for the Shapley value requires an exponential number of operations already in the classical case and that even restriction to simple games is #P-hard in general. Furthermore, we outline how the multi-choice cooperative games of Hsiao and Raghavan can be treated in our context, which leads to a Shapley value that does not depend on pre-assigned weights. Finally, the relationship between the Shapley value and the permission value of Gilles, Owen and van den Brink is discussed. Both refer to formally similar models of cooperative games but reflect complementary interpretations of the precedence constraints and thus give rise to fundamentally different solution concepts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPCVD ; Tantalum pentoxide ; High dielectric constant ; ULSI devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A laminar flow low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) system (LAM IntegrityTM) has been used to deposit tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) from Ta(OEt)5 films in the presence of oxygen (O2) at 470 °C at a typical deposition rate of 4 nm min-1. Uniformities of 〈1.5% (SD 1σ) over a 150 mm silicon substrate were obtained. The layers were annealed under different conditions. It was discovered that the films did not change their stoichiometry as determined by Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The as-deposited films were amorphous but became crystalline (β-Ta2O5) at temperatures 〉 700 °C. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results on crystallisation behaviour were supported by X-ray diffraction data. The electrical properties of the Ta2O5 films have been characterised using MIS (metal/insulator/silicon) capacitor structures. Leakage values of 〈10-6 A cm-2 at 6 MV cm-1 equivalent applied electric field and breakdown strengths of 〉7 MV cm-1 at 1.6 μA were obtained for annealed layers. Compound dielectric constants (native silicon oxide thickness of about 2.5 nm plus Ta2O5 of various thicknesses) between 14 and 〉30 have been measured. The electrical properties reveal the potential use of Ta2O5 as a storage capacitor dielectric in 64 and 256 Mbit DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ULSI ; high dielectric constant ; metal oxides ; deposition ; annealing ; characterisation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Flims of metal oxides, such as Ta2O5, Nb2O5, Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2 and TiO2 have been fabricated by use of different precursor materials, deposition techniques and annealing techniques. Several analytical methods were applied to study the layers. New data of fundamental properties of these metal oxides are reported and related to practical features that are of importance in device design and manufacturing of advanced, highly integrated devices. This overview may facilitate the choice of an optimal combination of precursor material, deposition technique and corresponding annealing procedure for a specific application of these metal oxide films in microelectronics.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 3123-3131 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stabilities of polybutadienyllithium, polyisoprenyllithium, and polystyryllithium solutions have been determined in hydrocarbon solvents. Kinetic analysis indicated that a complex mechanism was involved in the thermolysis of polybutadienyllithium. The thermal stability was observed to increase with increasing lithium concentration, suggesting the presence of competitive reactions in addition to the expected elimination of lithium hydride. The thermal stability of the three systems studied was consistent with their reported degrees of association: dimeric polystyryllithium was less stable than tetrameric polyisoprenyllithium or hexameric polybutadienyllithium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 3133-3144 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In addition to the expected elimination of lithium hydride, metalation and addition reactions have been observed as competitive, thermolytic reactions of polybutadienyllithium. The importance of these reactions at temperatures frequently utilized for the polymerization of butadiene was illustrated and the effect of these reactions on the macrostructure of polybutadiene determined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 156 (1972), S. 3-5 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Linear oligourethanes with phenylurethane endgroups and cyclic oligourethanes were prepared from diethylene glycol and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The largest ring synthesized contains seven units of each, i.e., 119 ring atoms, with a molecular weight of 1920.An effective separation of the oligomers was achieved by adsorption column chromatography. An eluting solvent with solvent gradient was applied successfully. Melting points, transitions, long periods, and X-ray diffraction of the oligomers prepared are discussed with regard to their structure.
    Notes: Es wurden lineare Oligourethane mit Phenylendgruppen und cyclische Oligourethane aus Diäthylenglykol und Hexamethylendiisocyanat dargestellt. Der größte bisher isolierte Ring enthält je sieben Grundbausteine und besitzt 119 Ringglieder bei einem Molekulargewicht von 1920.Eine gute Trennung der Oligomeren wurde durch Adsorptionssäulenchromatographie erzielt. Hierbei wurde ein Elutionsmittel mit Lösungsmittelgradient verwendet. Schmelzpunkte, Umwandlungserscheinungen, Langperioden und Weitwinkeldiagramme der Oligomeren werden im Hinblick auf ihre Struktur diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1967), S. 150-173 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Gelchromatographie kann als eine netzwerk-limitierte Verteilung aufgefaßt werden. Dies führt zu dem Schluß, daß keine normierende Eichbezeichnung, zwischen Molekulargewicht und Elutionsvolumen existiert, die ausschließlich, der gelösten Substanz abhängige Parameter enthält.Die Darstellung von Gelen mit unterschiedlicher chemischer Struktur wird be schrieben, und die Möglichkeiten, die Porengröße zu variieren, werden diskutiert. Die Untersuchung des Einflusses der physikalischen und chemischen Struktur auf die Trennung und die Trennleistung zeigte, daß das Elutionsvolumen durch die chemische Natur des Gels beeinflußt wird; die Trennleistung wird hingegen im wesentlichen durch die physikalische Struktur bestimmt.
    Notes: Gel chromatography can be considered as a network-limited partition. This leads to the conclusion that it is impossible to find a generalizing relationship between the molecular weight and the elution volume using parameters depending only on the solute.The preparation of gels with different chemical structure is discussed and possible methods for the alteration of pore size are described. Investigations of the influence of the physical and chemical structure on separation and separation efficiency have shown that the elution volume depends to some extent on the chemical nature, but the separation efficiency is mainly a function of the physical structure.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 2539-2542 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-Ethylaziridine (1) was polymerized in water with HCl as initiator and copolymerized with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aziridine (2). Rapid propagation and termination reactions were observed. The maximum yield increases with the initiator concentration, whereas the molecular weight decreases. This is due to the difference in basicity between the tertiary N-atoms of the two monomers and the tertiary and the terminal secondary N-atoms of the polymers, which causes tranfer and termination reactions. Macrocycles with a side chain on a quaternary N-atom are formed. During the copolymerization, the more basic 1 is preferentially incorporated into the copolymer chain. The copolymerization parameters can be estimated roughly on the basis of basicity considerations: r1 〉 1; r2 〈 1. The ratio of the rate constants (propagation to termination) is lower for 1 than for 2. This is due to the fact that the basicity difference between the monomer and the tertiary N-atoms of the polymer is higher for 1 than for 2. By reaction of thionyl chloride with the copolymers the desired hydrochlorides of the N-(2-chloroethyl) derivatives are obtained. The neutralisation with alkali did not result the free bases, since the products formed are rather due to side reactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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