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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and electronic structure of solid C76 (1994)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 95 (1994), S. 469-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: 79.20.Kz ; 61.46.+w ; 61.16.Bg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and electronic structure of solidC 76 has been studied using transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy in transmission. C76 forms a close packed structure with an average facecentred cubic symmetry. From valence band and core electron excitations information on the dielectric function and the unoccupied density of states has been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313354
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of processing on rheological and molecular characteristics of a low density polyethylene (1993)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscoelastic responses of some molten polymers, and particularly of low density polyethylene (LDPE), are known to vary with processing history. Reasons for the variations include the effects of shear history on morphological states of the polymer, or on its molecular weight parameters. A typical low density polyethylene has been used to test the shear-history dependence concept following a variety of processing steps. The polymer was sheared in single-screw and twin-screw extruders, and in a high speed melter / mixer (Gelimat). Samples also were precipitated from very dilute solutions in trichlorobenzene and in p-xylene. GPC analyses showed that, in general, these procedures did not affect the various moments of molecular weight. An exception was the Gelimat-mixed sample, for which mild reductions in Mn and Mw were noted. In contrast, melt viscosity and elasticity readings, the former from low shear evaluations and the latter from extrudate swelling, were affected by the various procedures. A drop in melt viscosity and in elasticity was observed, being most pronounced for precipitated and twin-screw extruded versions of the LDPE. Reductions also were observed in the specimen sheared in the Gelimat instrument. Following conditioning at the test extrusion temperature (170°C), viscous and elastic responses tended to revert to those of the unsheared control sample, the exception again being the sample sheared in the Gelimat melter / mixer. Of the various mechanisms proposed in the literature to account for transient property changes such as those reported, temporary changes in the degree of chain entanglement appear the most satisfactory explanation. Irreversible alterations in viscoelastic properties may be associated with changes in molecular weights due to processing at high shear.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760330702
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some effects of irradiation on properties of filled PVC compounds (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 981-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compounds based on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and containing CaCO3 filler and trifunctional acrylic crosslinking agent have been crosslinked by exposure to γ-rays at dosages to 70 kGy. The crosslinking agent was found to be essential for crosslinking to proceed, only minor sensitivity to the irradiation having been found in compounds omitting the chemical. The presence of filler somewhat inhibits crosslink effectiveness, as measured by solvent uptake data. Elastic moduli and elongations at rupture respond to crosslinking processes, the latter being particularly sensitive to the effects of irradiation. The presence of filler was found to raise modulus, while ductilities of compounds were greater than expected, owing to adhesion at polymer/filler interfaces. Favorable acid/base interaction forces appear responsible for the effect. The reduced sensitivity of filled PVC compounds to γ-ray exposure is attributed to polymer immobilization, the consequence of strong interfacial bonding with the filler.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760341206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some properties of polyethylene compounds with surface-modified fillers (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dispersion of variously surface-treated CaCo3 fillers in linear low density polyethylene has been studied, along with mechanical properties of the filled compounds. Microwave plasma discharges were used to modify the filler surfaces. Inverse gas chromatographic analyses showed that plasma treatments could change the dispersive and non-dispersive components of filler surface characteristics. A reduction in these surface energies facilitated the dispersion of the filler in the non-polar polyethylene. Mechanical properties, particularly those at high deformation of the filled plastic, also responded to filler surface treatments, the ductility at failure increasing with a decrease in the filler's surface polarity. For any given elongation at failure, it was found that the amount of filler accommodated by the host polymer was raised by the appropriate surface modification procedure. The work illustrates the important contribution made by interfacial phenomena to various performance aspects of complex polymer systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760300503
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New approaches to the processing of rutile-filled polyolefins (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 950-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The performance of a fluorocarbon elastomer processing additive in rutile-filled linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) compounds was evaluated by capillary rheometry, and blown film extrusion. Different compounding sequences were considered and their effects on the performance of the processing additive in the presence of various rutiles examined. Lower apparent melt viscosities and higher shear rates for the onset of melt fracture were observed when using certain surface treated rutiles. The nature of the surface coating applied to rutiles was found to have a great influence on the Theological properties of the filled compounds and on the dispersibility of the solids. The acid-base characteristics of rutiles were determined by inverse gas chromatography techniques, and inherent agglomeration indexes for the pigments were measured by an application of powder rheology principles. It was found that those rutiles with high agglomeration indexes or those with highly basic surfaces interfered the most with the processing additive. Mechanisms by which rutile dispersibility and acid-base character influence the effectiveness of the fluorocarbon elastomer processing additive are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760301604
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal calorimeter for studies of polymer solution processes (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 555-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple differential, isothermal calorimeter has been built to study the thermodynamics of interactions associated with a variety of polymer solution processes. The calorimeter is readily operated at temperatures ranging from ambient to about 200°C., temperature adjustments are rapid, and the apparatus is rugged enough to permit application to commercial process studies. Though less sensitive than microcalorimeters, it represents an attractive combination of satisfactory accuracy, speed, and flexibility of operation. The operation of the calorimeter is demonstrated by measurements of the heat of solution of sodium chloride in water and the heats of solution of various polyolefins in Tetralin and α-chloronaphthalene. The latter tend to confirm the presence of polymer aggregates in chloronaphthalene solutions below the thermodynamic melting temperature of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050313
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of carbon black on time dependence of the melt flow indexPaper presented at 22nd ANTEC Meeting, Society of Plastics Engineers, Montreal, Canada, March 1966. (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1043-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Time dependence in the melt indexing of polyolefins stabilized against thermally induced changes is well known, the prevalent effect being an increase in melt index toward a steady-state value. The melt index of polyethylenes compounded with carbon black has been found to decrease, in some cases radically, although oxygen uptake data show no evidence of thermal instability. The melt index-time plot can be restored to its normal shape by adding excess quantities of a standard thioether antioxidant. Data are rationalized by assuming that polyethylene adsorbs on the available pigment surface, forming a crosslink network. The thioether antioxidant, however, may adsorb preferentially, thereby restoring the normal response of the polymer to forces resulting in its capillary extrusion. The results emphasize the contribution of chain orientation effects to the time dependence of melt index.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110704
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of polyolefins by solution DTA (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 539-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1972.070160223
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer composites containing plasma-treated mica. I. Flow and mechanical properties (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2663-2673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Suzorite mica has been surface modified by microwave plasma treatment in ethylene gas. The surface-treated mica was used as a filler in polyethylene, polystyrene, and a mixture of these two polymers. Significant changes in rheological behavior ensue. These indicate that adhesion between polyethylene and irradiated mica is superior to that of interfaces using unirradiated mica. In contrast, ethylene irradiation reduces the ability of filled polystyrene compounds to store elastic energy in melt flow, an effect consistent with impaired adhesion at interfaces involving these components. An intermediate situation exists in the case of the two-polymer blend. The tensile properties of these systems also reflect surface treatment, reinforcement occurring in polyethylene-containing compounds, while the tensile properties of polystyrene composites deteriorate. Plasma-induced surface modifications of fillers to produce desired property changes in specified polymer matrixes are implied by the present work, but a fuller understanding of the chemistry of surface modification reactions is needed to substantiate these implications.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070201005
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface characteristics of solvent-cast polymers (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1961-1968 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene, and a styrene/acrylic terpolymer have been cast from solutions of varying thermodynamic quality and the film properties studied by inverse gas chromatography and by critical surface tension measurements. Surface properties of the non-polar polystyrene were independent of solvent medium, but significant variations in these properties were observed in the case of PMMA and the terpolymer. Solvent balance also appeared to affect the bulk properties of the latter films, as judged by the penetration rates of interacting liquids. The observations indicate the feasibility of controlling film properties of the solid by the appropriate selection of solution media; a time-dependent variation in solid properties is to be expected, however, as the film structure attains an equilibrium state.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250913
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