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  • 1
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Benzoquinone ; Diaphorase ; NADH ; Redox mediator ; Amperometric detection ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), produced from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was catalytically oxidized using diaphorase and 1, 4-benzoquinone to yield 1, 4-hydroquinone. This benzoquinone redox mediator was readily detected at an electrode polarized at +0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) so avoiding the high overpotentials required for a direct electrochemical measurement of NADH. Also, the lipophilic nature of the hydroquinone enabled a novel high selectivity plasticized PVC membrane mounted over the electrode to be exploited. The mediator/PVC combination achieved NADH calibration linear up to at least 100 μM. When used to assay G6PDH activity, a linear calibration from 0.1-1.0 U/mL was produced. The detection system offers the possibility of highly selective measurement of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in biological samples without sample preparation and could provide the basis for simplified homogeneous immunoassays as well as dehydrogenase amperometric enzyme electrodes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 23 (1985), S. 2203-2216 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic studies have been performed on aqueous dispersions of the surfactant 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine before and after polymerization with ul-traviolet light. Monomers of this lipid can, under certain conditions, convert from the expected spherical liposomal form to a unique phase consisting of hollow tubules. To determine the molecular conformation of these structures we have used Raman and infrared spectroscopies to probe the structure of the hydrocarbon chains and head groups of the lipids, and used absorption spectroscopy and resonance enhanced Raman scattering of the colored polymer to monitor the length and structure of the diacetylenic polymer backbone. Unusual C—H stretch-ing Raman bands imply that the hydrocarbon chain packing in the monomeric bilayers is different from that observed in other phosphatidylcholines, and that a distrubance in alkyl chain packing occurs on polymerization. Depending on irradiation conditions and the dispersal state of the lipid the polymer chains may be of at least three different colors, from which distinct resonance Raman spectra are obtained. The effective bond conjugation lengths range from quite short in the yellow polymer produced in sonicated vesicles to extremely long in a blue component seen in polymerized tubules.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 135 (1970), S. 249-261 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch anionische Blockcopolymerisation von Styrol und Divinylbenzol unter Einwirkung eines bifunktionellen Initiators wurden vernetzte Gele hergestellt. Die Reaktion wurde in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln und unter Argon-Atmosphäre durchgeführt. Die Gele wurden durch ihren maximalen Quellungsgrad charakterisiert. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die folgenden drei Parameter die Eigenschaften der Gele beeinflussen: das Molekulargewicht des linearen Polystyrols, aus dem das Gel hergestellt wird, die Konzentration desselben Polystyrols bei der Zugabe von DVB und die Menge des eingesetzten Divinylbenzols pro lebendes Kettenende. Man kann also auf diese Weise homogene Gele verschiedener Porosität synthetisieren. Im Unterschied zu radikalisch hergestellten Gelen ist bei den auf anionischem Wege erhaltenen Proben die Verteilung der Maschengrößen sehr eng, und der Gelpunkt hat hier eine physikalische Bedeutung. Außerdem ist es leicht, hier die Synärese auszuschalten.
    Notes: La préparation de gels réticulés peut être effectuée par copolymérisation séquencée anionique de styrène et de divinylbenzène, sous l'action d'un promoteur bifonctionnel, en milieu aprotique et en atmosphère inerte. Les gels sont caractérisés par leur taux de gonflement maximum. La masse moléculaire moyenne du polystyrène «parent», la concentration globale de la solution, au moment de la réticulation, et la proportion de DVB mise en jeu constituent les trois paramètres qui déterminent la porosité et la structure même du gel. On peut donc préparer à volonté des réticulats homogènes de porosités très différentes.Dans un tel gel la distribution des tailles des mailles est fort étroite; la synérèse peut être aisément évitée; la signification physique du «point de gel» est bien établie. Ces trois propriétés de la réticulation anionique ne se retrouvent pas dans les gels préparés par voie radicalaire et justifient l'étude de ces gels.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 141 (1971), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The swelling behavior of a series of crosslinked polystyrene gels prepared anionically has been investigated. The degree of swelling of these gels at equilibrium, in a solvent, was found to depend on their structural characteristics which are determined by the conditions of preparation of the gels.The variation of the degree of swelling versus the structural parameters were found in good agreement with the theoretical expectations, for “ideal” networks. Some gels, however, exhibit a non-ideal behavior which can be explained by a decrease of the number ve of elastic chains, owing to free chain ends and to coupling.
    Notes: Das Quellungsverhalten von vernetzten Gelen, die auf anionischem Wege hergestellt wurden, wurde untersucht. Der Quellungsgrad der Gele im Gleichgewicht ist stark strukturabhängig und durch die Bedingungen ihrer Herstellung beeinflußt. Die experimentell erhaltenen Werte des Quellungsgrades stehen in guter Übereinstimmung mit den für ideale Gele aus den strukturellen Parametern berechneten Werten. In einigen Fällen allerdings wurden Abweichungen beobachtet, die durch die Gegenwart von freien Kettenenden oder von Kupplungen (Knoten mit Funktionalitätswert 2) oder von beiden zugleich verursacht werden. In diesen Fällen kann kein Idealmodell die Eigenschaften der Gele erklären.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Chromatographische Kolonnen wurden mit anionisch hergestellten Polystyrolgelen verschiedener Porengrößen gefüllt. Lineare Polystyrolproben wurden in diese Kolonnen eingespritzt, und die entsprechenden Elutionsvolumina wurden gemessen. Durch die normalisierten Elutionskurven - die die dynamischen Verteilungskoeffizienten in Abhängigkeit des Logarithmus des Molekulargewichtes des eingespritzten Polystyrols darstellen - wurde veranschaulicht, daß der Molekulargewichtsbereich, in dem chromatographische Trennung stattfinden kann, von den strukturellen Parametern des Gels abhängig ist, und zwar von dem Molekulargewicht des linearen Präpolymeren, von der Konzentration des Polymeren beim Vernetzungsvorgang und vom Anteil des Vernetzungsagens.Es wurde auch festgestellt, daß die chromatographischen Elutionsvolumina von Faktoren abhängig sind, wie der Größe der Gelpartikel und der Fließgeschwindigkeit des Eluenten. Dies zeigt, daß die Bedingungen zur Einstellung des Austauschgleichgewichtes zwischen den Gelporen und der fließenden Zwischenraumflüssigkeit nicht erfüllt sein können. Aber unter Verwendung von Standardbedingungen kann man reproduzierbare Ergebnisse erzielen, die zu gültigen Vergleichen dienen können.Es ist noch hervorzuheben, daß die Makroporosität eines Gels keineswegs als eine notwendige Bedingung für die chromatographische Trennung aufzufassen ist.
    Notes: Chromatographic columns were filled with anionically prepared polystyrene gels of various porosities. Linear polystyrene samples were injected in these columns and the retention volumes were measured. Normalized curves have been compared, the dynamic partition coefficient being plotted versus the logarithm of the molecular weight of the injected polymer. It has been established that the domain of molecular weights in which chromatographic separation may take place depends upon the parameters characterizing the gel: molecular weight of the linear “precursor”, overall concentration at the gel point, proportion of crosslinking agent.It has been found that the chromatographic retention times depend on such factors as size of gel particles, flow-rate of the elution solvent. This shows that the exchange equilibrium between the pores of the gels and the flowing intersticial liquid are far from being fulfilled. However by choosing standard conditions one gets reproducible results which may be adequately compared.It should be emphasized that macroporosity of a gel is not a prerequisit for chromatographic separation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(4-vinylpyridine) ; 4,5-dicyanoimidazole ; betaine salt ; nucleophillic aromatic substitution ; polyelectrolyte ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel betaine internal salt (3) has been synthesized by the reaction of pyridine with 1-methyl-2-bromo-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (1). The reaction of pyridine with 1 serves as a model for the reaction of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with 1. The reaction of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with 1 gives betaine salt substituted polymers which were characterized by IR, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, and viscometry. The substituted polymers were compared to the model compound (3) and to unsubstituted poly(4-vinylpyridine) in order to determine polymer structure and the degree of substitution. One of the substituted polymers shows polyelectrolyte behavior. Thermal characterization of the substituted polymers shows two exothermic transitions at 260 and 340°C attributed to chemical reactions of the pendant groups.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Gap junction protein ; Gene expression ; Compaction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: De novo assembly of gap junctions begins during compaction in the eight-cell stage of mouse development, and intercellular coupling mediated by gap junctions appears to be required for maintenance of the compacted state. We have begun to explore the expression of the family of genes encoding the connexins, the proteins that form the gap junction channels. We recently reported that a protein with antigenic and size similarity with connexin32, the rat liver gap junction protein, is inherited as an oogenetic product by the mouse zygote, but its gene appears not to be transcribed prior to implantation (Barron et al., Dev Genet 10:318-323, 1989). Here we report that another member of this gene family, connexin43, is transcribed by the embryonic genome from shortly after the time of genomic activation. As revealed by Northern blotting, connexin43 mRNA is absent from ovulated oocytes, becomes detectable in the 4-cell stage, and accumulates steadily thereafter to reach a maximum in blastocysts. In contrast, no transcripts of connexin26 could be detected in any preimplantation stage. A protein with antigenic and size similarity with connexin43 from rat heart was found by Western blotting to accumulate from the four-cell stage onward. Immunofluorescence analysis with embryo whole mounts was used to demonstrate that this protein is incorporated into punctate interblastomeric foci during compaction, consistent with its assembly into gap junction plaques. We conclude that connexin43 is one member of the connexin gene family whose zygotic expression is critical for preimplantation morphogenesis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: monoclonal antibody ; A431 ; EGF receptor ; chromosomal location ; internalization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: A monoclonal antibody of the IgG class, EGFR1, has been isolated using cells of the epidermoid carcinoma line A431 as immunogen. The A431 antigen recognized by EGFR1 has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 175,000, is a cell-surface molecule which can be specifically cross-linked to EGF, exhibits an EGF-stimulated protein kinase activity, binds to EGFR1 in a number of human cell lines to a degree which parallels EGF binding, and shows EGF-dependent internalization in A431 cells and human fibroblasts. We therefore conclude that EGFR1 is directed against an antigenic site on the human EGF receptor. EGFR1 is not mitogenic for human fibroblasts and does not inhibit EGF binding under a variety of assay conditions. The characterization of EGFR1 has allowed the unambiguous assignment of the structural gene for the human EGF receptor to chromosome 7. Preliminary results suggest that a convenient method for isolating a range of anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibodies can be developed, based on a hybridoma supernatant screening assay in which positive supernatants bind selectively to a human-mouse cell hybrid containing human chromosome 7.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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