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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2365-2373 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Gelbildung bei Reaktionen von Triolen mit Dicarbonsäuredichloriden für verschiedene Verdünnungsgrade untersucht. Die Reaktionen wurden zwischen Adipolydichlorid bzw. Sebacoyldichlorid und Triolen von verschiedenen Molekulargewichten durchgeführt. Die Reaktionspaare wurden so ausgewählt, daß die Reaktionssysteme durch eine Skala von v-Werten gekennzeichnet waren, wobei v gleich der Zahl der Bindungen in der kleinstmöglichen Ringstruktur ist. In allen Fällen fand die Gelbildung bei Reaktionsumsätzen statt, die höher waren als von der Theorie von Flory-Stockmayer vorausgesagt wird. Das Ausmaß dieser Erhöhung wurde größer bei Verdünnung, und kleiner bei größeren v-Werten.Die Resultate werden mit einer Kombination der Gelbildungstheorien von Frisch und Kilb interpretiert, in der λ, der intramolekulare Verzweigungsparameter von Frisch, gegeben ist durch die Gleichung λ = konst. v-3/2 {(OH)0+(COCl)0}-1.
    Notes: Gelation in reactions of triols with dicarboxylic acid dichlorides was studied at various dilutions. Adipoyl dichloride and sebacoyl dichloride were reacted with three triols of different molecular weights. The pairs of reactants were chosen so that the reaction systems were characterised by a range of values of v, the number of bonds in the smallest ring structure which could form. In all cases gelation occurred at extents of reaction in excess of those predicted by the Flory-Stockmayer theory. The excess reaction increased with dilution, and decreased with increase in v.The results are interpreted in terms of a combination of Frisch's and Kilb's theories of gelation, in which λ, the intramolecular branching parameter of Frisch, is given by the equation λ = const. v-3/2{(OH)0+(COCl)0}-1.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3713-3726 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to determine the cure rate of an epoxy resin consisting of Tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) and diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). Cure rates at 120 and 160°C are shown to increase noticeably when 1% BF3-MEA is added to either TGDDM to TGDDM plus DDS. Fluoroboric acid is shown to increase the cure rates even more than the BF3-MEA. These Results combined with the NMR results in the accompanying article indicate that BF3-MEA is not a catalyst for epoxy resin cure. Instead it is rapidly hydrolyzed to fluoroboric acid which acts as the catalyst.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3697-3711 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fluorine-19 NMR is used to examine the role of boron trifluoride monoethylamine (BF3-MEA) in epoxy resin cure. Spectra were first recorded in a variety of solvents suitable for dissolving different epoxy resins. All spectra contained a peak due to fluoroboric acid. Spectra of BF3-MEA in orthodichlorobenzene were then recorded at elevated temperatures. The floroboric acid peak area increased, indicating that the BF3-MEA was being hydrolyzed. Results indicate that, at temperatures above 100°C, BF3-MEA is completely hydrolyzed within 5 min to fluoroboric acid.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1523-1537 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Detailed understanding of the mechanism of initiation and chain transfer in BCl3-coinitiated isobutylene polymerization led to the efficient synthesis of symmetric telechelic polyisobutylenes carrying ∼CH2C(CH3)2Cl groups at either end of the molecule Cl-PIB-Cl. The synthesis is based on the use of inifers, i.e., bifunctional initiator-transfer agents that effect controlled initiation and propagation in the absence of chain transfer to a monomer. Specifically, the synthesis of Cl-PIB-Cl was achieved by the p-dicumyl chloride/BCl3/isobutylene/CH2Cl2 system. According to the inifer mechanism each Cl-PIB-Cl contains two terminal tertiary chlorines and one phenyl group at the interior of the chains. The structure of this new symmetric telechelic polymer has been established by detailed characterization studies including a sensitive new gel permeation chromatography (UV plus RI) analysis method, 1H-NMR, kinetic experiments, and chemical derivatization. The Cl-PIB-Cl molecule is a key intermediate for the synthesis of hosts of new materials, e.g., triblock copolymers, α,ω-diolefins, and α,ω-difunctional polymers.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a new glassy-rubbery-glassy triblock copolymer poly(α-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene-b-α-methylstyrene) has been demonstrated. The key to the synthesis was the preparation by inifer method of a perfectly bifunctional polyisobutylene which carries tert-chlorine end groups Cl-PIB-Cl. In conjunction with Et2AlCl coinitiator, the telechelic Cl-PIB-Cl molecule initiates the polymerization of α-methylstyrene at both ends of the prepolymer. Triblock composition can be controlled by the judicious selection of synthesis conditions; that is, Cl-PIB-Cl molecular weight, α-methylstyrene concentration, and solvent polarity. Theoretical triblock Mn calculated from Mn of Cl-PIB-Cl and triblock overall composition is in excellent agreement with experimental Mn which indicates negligible homopolymer contamination. Extraction with a series of hydrocarbon solvents reveals broad composition distribution. The stress-strain profile of a triblock is similar to that of a poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) thermoplastic elastomer of similar composition.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; EMF ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Research that has attempted to examine the relationship between work exposures to magnetic fields and health effects has suffered from limited exposure information. Power-frequency electric and magnetic (EM) field exposures vary substantially between industries, occupations, and individuals. In this study magnetic field data were collected for a variety of occupational categories within an electric utility. The sampling procedures emphasized craft occupations that were presumed to have higher exposures to magnetic fields. The objectives were to provide better exposure information for an ongoing cancer mortality study, examine the relationship between different summary measures of magnetic field exposure, and make available descriptive information useful for exposure reduction and worker education. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation were used to explore the relationships between the different summary measures among all utility workers and among the subset of electrical craft occupations. Discriminant analysis was used to assess summary measures of exposure that differentiated occupational groups. Measurements for 770 days generated a total of 42378 hours of magnetic field data. Eleven summary indices of exposure were calculated for specific occupational groups. These include arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, 95th and 99th percentiles, and fraction of measurements exceeding .5, 1, 5, 10, and 100 μT. Electrical craft occupations had higher work exposures than non-craft occupations. Electricians and substation operators had the highest exposures among craft occupations.We identified subsets of summary measures that were intercorrelated. The first PCA axis included the geometric mean, median, and the fractions exceeding 0.5 and 1.0 μT. This set of measures also were best at discriminating occupational groups. The relevance of these findings may become more important if consistent associations are found between particular occupations and disease and particular occupations and magnetic field summary measures. Further research is needed to evaluate these exposure assessment findings. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The flow and retarded-elastic behavior of four polyisobutylene specimens (M̄w 1.09 × 104 to 8.54 × 104), measured in a concentric cylinder rotational viscometer, are reported. Under the conditions investigated the non-Newtonian flow behavior can be represented by Ferry's equation. The logarithm of the viscosity η varied linearly with the reciprocal of the square of the absolute temperature. The time-scale for retarded elasticity was found to vary with temperature in the same way as the viscosity. The normalized retarded elasticity functions at temperatures corresponding to unit viscosity are substantially identical. The time corresponding to a normalized retarded elastic compliance of 0.5 is about 10-5 η second when η is in poises. The reciprocal steady state shear compliances 1/J and internal shear moduli Gi in Ferry's equation are of the same order of magnitude for each polymer. The retardation time function L(ln τ) is calculated for one of the polymers, and then the dynamic response; these results are in good agreement with dynamic measurements on this material. From a consideration of the stress relaxation behavior of high molecular polymers, it is pointed out that there must exist another retarded elasticity mechanism, the time-scale of which depends only on temperature and not on molecular weight. This second mechanism is masked in the reported experiments on low molecular polymers.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 36 (1959), S. 233-257 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Moments of the molecular weight distribution have been measured in the equilibrium ultracentrifuge under ideal conditions for two rough fractions of polyisobutylene (Mw 1.6 × 104 and 1.31 × 105). Flow and elastic recovery measurements were made on these materials and on a series of blends; the non-Newtonian flow at small shear stresses was characterized by the reciprocal of the Ferry “internal shear modulus,” Gi, and the magnitude of the elastic recovery by the steady-state elastic compliance, Je. This was found to be about two to three times the magnitude of 1/Gi. Measured values of Mz+1 for the fractions appeared unreasonably high compared to values obtained by assuming a Lansing-Kraemer distribution. With either set of values of Mz+1 for the fractions, it was found that Je was proportional to the square of (MzMz+1/Mw) for these materials, in disagreement with the results of molecular theories, which predict proportionality with the first power of this function.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental program is described in which the capacitor-discharge initiation characteristics of a detonator containing a vacuum-deposited thin-film chromium bridge were studied. The objective of the effort was to define the conditions that would result in overall function times of 10 μs or less. The threshold initiation energy of the detonator was in the range of 11.5 mJ-20.0 mJ. Consistent performance was obtained from a firing energy of 54 mJ, which was achieved by a 5-μF capacitor charged to 147 V. Under these conditions, the average overall function time was 4.2 μs, with a standard deviation of 0.2 μs. Other tests showed that at higher capacitances and lower voltages the function time increased substantially and became more nonreproducible, even though the stored energy was considerably above the threshold value.
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