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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3)
  • crystal structure  (1)
  • magnetism  (1)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (4)
  • Elsevier
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (4)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Discontinuous Rectification of Azeotropic Mixtures with Use of Auxiliary Substances. Batchwise rectification is one of the most commonly used thermal separation operation in the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceiticals, where small amounts of mixtures containing several product or auxiliary components are generally separated. Greater plant flexibility with regard to mixture composition, throughput, and separation specification often also favours batchwise over continuous processing. This publication discusses process engineering possibilities of batchwise rectification of azeotropic mixtures with the aid of various examples. It gives a detailed presentation of two industrial batch rectifications with additional feed of auxiliary substances, viz. azeotropic rectification with entrainment agent and extractive rectification. In both cases the set goal is to minimise charge times and to maximise the quantities processed in plant operation, with time-optimised control of auxiliary substance throughput being of critical importance in both cases.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 61 (1989), S. 16-25 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Design of distillative separation with due consideration of thermodynamic aspects. This article presents a method for development of advantageous distillative separation equipment by starting from the ideal case of a thermodynamically loss free separation and applying simplifications. Process engineering boundary conditions can serve for clear divisions into individual areas. Possibilities of process integration by a direct thermal and mass linkage are indicated, and promising thermal networking measures are mentioned. The procedure is illustrated by examples.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Minimum Reflux Calculation for Nonideal Distillations. The minimum reflux ratio is the lower limit of operation for a distillative separation. Due to rising energy costs one is increasingly forced to approach this thermodynamically defined minimum energy consumption. This paper presents an overview of the important methods of calculation published to date. First, a concise physical and mathematical description of the problem is given to introduce the concept of pinch points. These are characteristic regions in separation profiles of distillation columns where an infinite number of stages would be required under minimum reflux conditions. Then, shortcut and rigorous problem solutions for both ideal and non-ideal mixtures are reported. Ideal mixtures can be computed using the well-known Underwood equations, which also cover complex column designs (multiple feeds/products, sidestream strippers and enrichers). However, pronouncedly non-ideal systems still require time-consuming simulations of columns with a large number of stages. Hence, recent developments attempt to avoid column simulations and to compute pinch points directly.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: β-Li3TiF6 ; crystal structure ; band structure ; Jahn Teller effect ; magnetism ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung, Kristallstruktur und magnetische Eigenschaften von β-Li3TiF6 = Li2[4]Li7[6](TiF6)(TiF6)2 - ein Doppelfluorid?Purpurfarbene Einkristalle von β-Li3TiF6 wurden durch Erhitzen eines Gemenges von LiF und TiF3 (3 : 1) bei 820°C unter Argon erhalten. β-Li3TiF6 kristallisiert in C2/c mit a = 14.452(2) Å, b = 8.798(1) Å, c = 10.113(1) Å und β = 96.30(1)º. Die Struktur ist isotyp mit β-Li3VF6 und enthält isolierte gestauchte TiF6-Oktaeder (dTi-F = 1.91-2.01 Å). Die magnetischen Eigenschaften von β-Li3TiF6 untersucht und diskutiert. Die Bindungsverhältnisse werden anhand von Bandstruktur Rechnungen und Berechnungen des Madelunganteils der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, diskutiert.
    Notes: Purple colored single crystals of the β-modification of Li3TiF6 have been prepared by heating an appropriate mixture of LiF and TiF3 at 820°C under an argon atmosphere. β-Li3TiF6 crystallizes in C2/c with a = 14.452(2) Å, b = 8.798(1) Å, c = 10.113(1) Å and β = 96.30(1)º. The structure is isotypic to β-Li3VF6 and contains isolated compressed TiF6 octahedra (dTi-F = 1.91-2.01 Å). Magnetic properties of β-Li3TiF6 were studied and discussed. Band structure calculations and calculations of the Madelung part of the lattice energy, MAPLE, were performed to discuss the chemical bonding.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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