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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility studies on polyacrylate and polymethacrylate systems (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The predicted general incompatibility of mixtures of polymers has been further confirmed. Thirty-one mixtures of homopolymer pairs showed phase separation in a common solvent. These included closely related polymers such as polyacrylates with both polymethacrylates and other polyacrylates and pairs of different polymethacrylates. Typical immiscible combinations are PMA/PEA and PEMA and PEMA/PMMA. It was also found that the presence of a common monomer constituent did not result in complete compatibility of either a homopolymer with a copolymer or a mixture of two copolymers. Apparently, none of the combinations tried were sufficiently similar to result in heats of interaction small enough to be counteracted by the small entropy change involved. Since another possibility for attaining miscibility is through polar interactions, the effects of ionic and hydrogen-bonding substituents upon polymer-polymer compatibility were considered, and selected experiments were done on a series of carboxyl-containing polymers and their sodium salts. It was concluded that hydrogen bridging occurs preferentially either intramolecularly or between polymer and solvent rather than between two different types of chains each having hydrogen-bonding ability. Thus, poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) show two-phase separation in water. Although poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(sodium methacrylate) are completely miscible, mixtures of the partially neutralized acids, e.g., PAA and PNaMA mixtures, show separation. In contrast to predictions for less polar polymers, compatibility of mixtures of polymers containing high mole fractions of carboxylic acid monomers showed a pronounced dependence upon solvent. Thus, the two copolymers 45/53 EA-MAA and 47/53 MMA-MAA are incompatible in methanol or ethanol but form homogeneous solutions in DMF or DMS.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051514
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some thermal studies on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1541-1548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been carried out on samples of amorphous, cold-drawn, heat-crystallized, and acetone-crystallized polymer. From DTA it appears that for amorphous material a prolonged “secondary” crystallization process follows a primary process in the region of 140°C. For cold-drawn polymer, heat treatment does not reflect differences observed in previous x-ray diffraction studies. The TGA gives evidence that a high temperature endothermic peak observed in DTA may not be directly associated with depolymerization. With acetone-crystallized material a high degree of acetone retention is detected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080404
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneous polymer systems. I. Torsional modulus studies (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 580-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Torsional modulus-temperature data have been obtained on heterogeneous polymer compositions prepared by several procedures. Both the state of aggregation of the component chain molecules and their degree of compatibility are significant variables. Modulus curves similar to those for crystalline polymers can be obtained from incompatible polymers having glass temperatures sufficiently far apart. Detailed interpretations are presented for modulus curves of both individual homopolymers and bicomponent heterogeneous polymer mixtures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051713
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneous polymer systems. II. Characterization of graft copolymers of styrene on polyethyl acrylate (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isolation of two graft copolymers of styrene on polyethyl acrylate from the ungrafted homopolymers by solvent extraction procedures is discussed. For the grafts and their corresponding mixtures ηsp/c versus c plots were determined, and no anomalies were observed. Qualitative data on the solubilities and phase properties of the grafts are given. Torsional modulus-temperature curves are shown for graft copolymer and the individual homopolymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070106
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromate Conversion Coatings on 2024 Al Alloy (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 25 (1997), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: conversion coating ; aluminium ; alloy ; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; scanning electron microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and potentiodynamic measurements have been made on chromate conversion-coated Al 2024-T3 alloy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicated that the conversion coating had a surface of CrOOH and Cr(VI), enriched in ferricyanide. The bulk of the coating was an equal mixture of CrOOH and Cr2O3 with significant levels of F- and Fe, the latter implying the presence of ferricyanide throughout the coating. Copper(II) ion was present at the interface between the conversion coating and the alloy, as well as Al3+. During ageing experiments, potentiodynamic measurements indicated that the corrosion current (icorr) decreased from ∽0.4 to ∽0.04 μA cm-2 during the first 40 h after preparation but thereafter slowly increased. No significant changes were observed in the chemistry of the coating by XPS for ageing times longer than 40 h, although morphological changes were observed with SEM. As the coating aged, a network of microcracks developed across the surface. It is believed that Cr6+ is consumed in the process in which plugs of hydrated chromium oxide form at the base of these cracks. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPS and SEM characterization of hydrated cerium oxide conversion coatings (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 540-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cerium-rich conversion coatings have been deposited onto aluminium 2024-T351 alloy by immersion into a solution containing 10 g L-1 CeCl3 and 1% H2O2 in a process described as ‘cerating’. Prior to deposition the alloy had been prepared either by using a standard chemical pretreatment used for aerospace alloys before conversion coating or by polishing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been used to characterize these cerium-containing conversion coatings. It was found that, during deposition, hydrated cerium oxide initially covered the intermetallics present in the alloy surface and then covered the surface generally. Deposition continued over the intermetallics throughout the conversion coating process, resulting in thick, heavily-cracked regions considerably greater than the average thickness of the film (〉0.3 μm). Elsewhere the coating was generally up to 0.2 μm thick, and appeared to comprised of deposited particles around 100 nm in size.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740230714
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual Peak Shifts in the Core Levels of CeO2 Films Deposited on Si(100) (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 24 (1996), S. 634-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study 20, 100 and 1000 nm evaporated cerium oxide films on Si(100) single-crystal wafers. Upon exposure to the x-ray source there was loss of oxygen and generation of Ce3+. Furthermore, for the 20 nm coating, there was evidence of a shift to higher binding energies of the C 1s peak and a high binding energy O 1s component relative to the oxygen anion peak at 529.7±0.1 eV with increased exposure time to the x-ray source. No similar shift was observed in the O KLL Auger lines, suggesting that the effect was not due to differential charging of the surface with respect to the bulk of the coating. Hence the relative shift is explained in terms of electronic effects resulting from the formation of anion vacancies in the surface. These include a shift of the Fermi level due to defect states in the bandgap as well as band bending due to the positive charge set up from the anion vacancies.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of high pressure to study polymer - solvent interactionThis investigation has been supported by the Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston, Texas. (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 57 (1962), S. 25-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The behavior of polymer - solvent systems has been studied as a function of hydrostatic pressure to 3000 atm. The swelling of crosslinked neoprene and crosslinked Hevea has been studied in several solvents, and the temperature of phase separation of polystyrene in cyclohexane has been determined. These measurements permit an indirect evaluation of the volume of mixing that is felt to have advantages over the direct method due to the small magnitude of the effect in polymer systems. In all of the cases studied by the swelling technique, the volume of mixing is negative and tends to be greater in magnitude the better the solvent. For the very poor solvent - polymer system studied by the precipitation technique, a small positive value is obtained. In addition, the compressibility of swollen polymers is compared with that expected from an assumption of additivity and found to be much smaller. These phenomena are presumably the result of a more tightly packed liquid structure within the polymer network. This explanation suggests that the descriptions of the volume of mixing in terms of the apparent specific volume, while certainly formally correct, may be misleading physically. An attempt to relate the observations on these systems to a theory involving a power series expansion in terms of the solvent fugacity was unsuccessful due to the slow convergence of the series.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1205716503
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystalline poly(2,6-xylenol) (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 61 (1962), S. S28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1206117137
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein-nucleic acid interactions and DNA conformation in a complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase with a double-stranded DNA template-primer (1997)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 44 (1997), S. 125-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: AIDS ; DNA structure ; polymerase structure ; protein - DNA interaction ; x-ray crystallography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation of the DNA and the interactions of the nucleic acid with the protein in a complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) and a 19-mer/18-mer double-stranded DNA template-primer (dsDNA) are described. The structure of this HIV-1 RT complex with dsDNA serves as a useful paradigm for studying aspects of nucleotide polymerases such as catalysis, fidelity, drug inhibition, and drug resistance. The bound dsDNA has a bend of approximately 41° at the junction of an A-form region (first five base pairs near the polymerase active site) and a B-form region (the last nine base pairs toward the RNase H active site). The 41° bend occurs smoothly over the four base pairs between the A-form portion and the B-form portion in the vicinity of helices αH and αI of the p66 thumb subdomain. The interactions between the dsDNA and protein primarily involve the sugar - phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid and structural elements of the palm, thumb, and RNase H of p66, and are not sequence specific. Amino acid residues from the polymerase active site region, including amino acid residues of the conserved Tyr-Met-Asp-Asp (YMDD) motif and the “primer grip,” interact with 3′-terminal nucleotides of the primer strand and are involved in positioning the primer terminal nucleotide and its 3′-OH group at the polymerase active site. Amino acid residues of the “template grip” have close contacts with the template strand and aid in positioning the template strand near the polymerase active site. Helix αH of the p66 thumb is partly inserted into the minor groove of the dsDNA and helix αI is directly adjacent to the backbone of the template strand. Amino acid residues of Β1′, αA′, αB′, and the loop containing His539 of the RNase H domain interact with the primer strand of the dsDNA. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 44: 125-138, 1997
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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