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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naturally occurring monoterpenoids in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 88-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: 1Gas chromatography ; Picea abies ; Solvent extraction ; (Mono)terpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analysis was made of the effects of different sampling and extraction techniques on the amounts and pattern of monoterpenoids isolated from needles of Norway spruce. The following isolation and analysis procedure was finally adopted: liquid nitrogen-cooled needles were pulverized by a microdismembrator, extracted with pentane overnight at 2°–3°C and concentrated to a volume not less than 3 ml/g fresh weight on a Vigreux column. The crude extract was injected splitless (with solvent split) onto a cold programmed temperature vaporized (PTV) precolumn of a gas chromatograph and the vaporizable compounds heated to a capillary column. This method was tested for production of artefacts and quantitative extraction and applied to needles of eleven 80-year-old spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203576
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of needle loss, yellowing and mineral content on monoterpenes in the needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 208-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Bavaria ; Disease ; Needle ; (Mono)terpenes ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Monoterpenes in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. were studied to reveal whether or not the symptoms of forest decline observed in three mountain regions of South Germany (Bavaria) — needle loss and needle yellowing — are related to changes in the amounts of all or individual terpenes. The nutrient supply of the needles was examined in addition to the terpene concentrations, since the disease symptom montane yellowing is often associated with mineral deficiency. At two of the eight locations, trees exhibited Mg-deficiency, at one location K-deficiency was observed, and at another location the S-content of the needles indicated SO2-pollution. Using various statistical methods of analysis, no correlation was observed between the mineral element content of the needles, the percentage of needle loss and either the absolute or percentile terpene amounts stored within the needles. This finding is independent of needle age, date of sampling and terpene pattern. Concerning needle yellowing, the data show a tendency towards a reduction of the terpene concentrations in needles originating from branches with partly yellow needles compared to needles from exclusively green-needled branches. In spite of the fact that only 2-year-old and older needles show the disease symptom of yellowing, the terpene level is reduced even in still green, juvenile and 1-year-old needles. No terpene was found to be an indicator for early recognition of injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227527
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of various factors on quantitative composition of leaf monoterpenes of Picea abies (L.) Karst (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; (Mono) terpenes ; Needle ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The extractable monoterpenes from needles of two groups of trees — 4-year-old clonal and 20-year-old wild trees — were studied with respect to the influence of individual constitution, needle age, whorl position, and position on branch. Leaf terpene amounts from clonal trees are significantly affected by age and position of the whorl, whereas position on the branch is of minor importance. Developing needles of clonal trees are most strongly affected by age and whorl position and they differ markedly from mature needles in quantitative terpene composition. Wild trees exhibit a very high variation from tree to tree, which obscures the influence of needle age and position. For this reason meaningful tree leaf terpene data will only be derived if large samples of needles of different ages are collected from distinct positions. When comparing different trees, needles should be selected that not only have the same state of development, but also originate from identical positions and have been subjected to the same light treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196979
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of various factors on quantitative composition of leaf monoterpenes ofPicea abies (L.) Karst (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; (Mono) terpenes ; Needle ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The extractable monoterpenes from needles of two groups of trees — 4-year-old clonal and 20-year-old wild trees — were studied with respect to the influence of individual constitution, needle age, whorl position, and position on branch. Leaf terpene amounts from clonal trees are significantly affected by age and position of the whorl, whereas position on the branch is of minor importance. Developing needles of clonal trees are most strongly affected by age and whorl position and they differ markedly from mature needles in quantitative terpene composition. Wild trees exhibit a very high variation from tree to tree, which obscures the influence of needle age and position. For this reason meaningful tree leaf terpene data will only be derived if large samples of needles of different ages are collected from distinct positions. When comparing different trees, needles should be selected that not only have the same state of development, but also originate from identical positions and have been subjected to the same light treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196344
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of monoterpenes stored in the needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. from several locations in mountainous regions of southern Germany (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Bavaria ; Genetic variation ; Needle ; Picea abies ; (Mono)terpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary As genetic diversity is an important cause of variation in needle monoterpenes of conifers, the tree-to-tree variation was studied for Picea abies (L.) Karst. at eight different locations in three mountainous regions of southern Germany (Bavaria). The tree-to-tree variation, expressed by the coefficients of variation, is high, ranging between 50% and 70%. The maximum concentrations per tree are up to 10 times higher than the minimum ones. The trees from all locations show similar patterns of variation, which is significant when investigating the influence of external parameters like air pollution or infestation by pathogens. By means of cluster analysis five types of terpene patterns were clearly revealed. Two main groups were distinguished by their proportion of myrcene, and they are further divided into subgroups. The patterns are stable throughout different needle ages and dates of sampling. Apart from one location, there is no obvious geographical arrangement of the five patterns. The fact that no relationship exists between the genotypical classification and the total concentrations agrees well with the hypothesis that most of the variability based on the relative amounts is due to genetic variation, whereas the variation based on the absolute amounts reflects environmental factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226237
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation in the monoterpenes in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Seasonal fluctuation ; Needle ; Picea abies ; (Mono) terpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This investigation was conducted to obtain information about the fluctuations in composition and amount of needle monoterpenes during the development of spruce needles. Studies conducted with two Norway spruce clones clearly revealed the existence of fluctuations. In juvenile needles, the amounts of the oxygenated terpenes increase constantly with age during the first 2 months of needle growth. The hydrocarbon terpenes dominate within the first weeks, some of them even showing a very distinct first maximum within the first 3 weeks after bud burst. All terpenes, including the oxygenated ones, have a maximum in June/July, which favours the hypothesis of a substitution of the hydrocarbons later on. There are significant changes even in mature needles of Norway spruce. The terpene level of 1-year-old needles of the clonal trees increased from spring to early summer and then dropped again towards winter. In addition, fluctuations in mature needles were shown for a set of ten wild trees. Needles of the same age class, which emerged in 1986, were sampled 4 times from 1986 to 1988. The needle terpene concentrations of the 1 -year-old needles were considerably lower in spring at the time of bud burst than in autumn. The terpene level of older needles thus seems to be influenced by biosynthetic and catabolic activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226238
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