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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic capacity, chloroplast pigments, and mineral content of the previous year's spruce needles with and without the new flush: analysis of the forest-decline phenomenon of needle bleaching (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 73 (1987), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Forest decline ; Picea abies ; Mineral deficiency ; Photosynthetic capacity ; Air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Spruce (Picea abies) damage in the Fichtelgebirge (FRG) occurs as needle bleaching and a depression of CO2 assimilation. Such injury may primarily result from the direct, above-ground effects of air pollution or indirect, below-ground changes in mineral uptake. Typically, the new flush of spruce needles is green and exhibits high photosynthetic capacity. Mies and Zöttl concluded that the older foliage is damaged when nutrients are withdrawn to supply the current year's needles. By removing the terminal buds of single branches in the spring, we produced an experimental set of the previous year's needles with greater mineral reserves than the control needles. During the course of the growing period, the performance of the experimental needles, which lacked competition from the new flush, was compared to that of the control needles of the same age-class on intact branches with the new flush. Throughout the experiment, chloroplast pigments of a healthy control tree were not affected by the elimination of the new flush. However, the chlorophyll and carotenoid content as well as the photosynthetic capacity of the previous year's needles on those branches of a heavily damaged tree where the new flush had been eliminated increased substantially. This increase was associated with an increase in minerals, which seemed to be deficient in the control needles with the new flush. Thus, in contrast to needles of the same age-class on intact branches with undisturbed new growth in the same atmospheric environment, the experimental needles escaped bleaching and a decrease in photosynthesis. It would seem that the bleaching and the loss in photosynthetic capacity typical of trees damaged by forest decline indirectly result from nutrient deficiencies through soil environment changes and/or root damage than directly from atmospheric pollutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385250
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid field determination of photosynthetic capacity of cut spruce twigs (Picea abies) at saturating ambient CO2 (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 70-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Forest decline ; Photosynthetic capacity ; Picea abies ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Routine field determination of the parameters characterizing the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus is often difficult when attached branches of tall trees have to be used for gas exchange measurement. If severed twigs could be used, determining these parameters would be greatly facilitated. Because stomatal conductance changes when twigs or leaves are detached, CO2 assimilation is usually altered. Thus, measurements made at ambient CO2 concentration fail to accurately assess the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus because photosynthetic rates greatly depend on the supply of carbon dioxide. However, when photosynthetic carboxylation reactions are saturated by increased CO2 partial pressure in the mesophyll, CO2 assimilation rates no longer depend on instantaneous stomatal conductance, as shown by gas exchange measurements of spruce (Picea abies) twigs prior to and following detachment. Because net photosynthesis following detachment at saturating CO2 remains constant for a minimum of 15 min, photosynthetic measurements of severed twigs may be reliable. This length of time is sufficient for detaching and recutting the twig, assembling a portable minicuvette system, re-establishing steady-state conditions with the gas analyser system, and reading the data over a reasonable period of time. The method described measures the maximal photosynthetic CO2 assimilation of spruce needles of a single age-class from detached spruce twigs under the following conditions: saturating light, saturating external CO2-partial pressure, standardized temperature and air humidity in the field. The method is applicable as a routine procedure to characterize the status of the photosynthetic apparatus of spruce trees that may be damaged in the process of forest decline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197027
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic performance, chloroplast pigments, and mineral content of various needle age classes of spruce (Picea abies) with and without the new flush: an experimental approach for analysing forest decline phenomena (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Forest decline ; Picea abies ; Mineral deficiency ; Photosynthetic performance ; Air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Damage in the older needles of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in the Fichtelgebirge (NE Bavaria, FRG) appears to result primarily from nutrient imbalances rather than from direct effects of air pollutants on the mesophyll of the needles. Support for this conclusion was obtained by altering the nutrition of older needles through the removal of terminal buds on several branches from a damaged and an undamaged spruce tree in spring. Various photosynthetic parameters, as well as the chloroplast pigment and nutrient concentrations, of 1- to 3-year-old needles on manipulated branches were compared with those of branches on which the new flush was allowed to develop during the course of the growing period. Removal of terminal buds affected only the 1-year-old needles. Elimination of the new flush resulted in a higher Ca and Mn content of the needles of the undamaged tree. This treatment also resulted in an increase of the photosynthetic capacity (under saturating light and CO2 conditions), carboxylation and light use efficiency, as well as net photosynthesis under natural conditions of the 1-year-old needles on the yellow chlorotic tree. This was accompanied by higher chlorophyll concentrations and an increase in Mg, Ca, Mn, and Zn content, and no visible signs of chlorosis developed in the experiment. By contrast, the needles of twigs in which the new flush was allowed to develop exhibited reductions in mineral content in the middle of the year. This was especially true for the elements Mg and Ca, and was accompanied by needle chlorosis and a depression of the capacity of photosynthesis. Thus it appears that there is a close relationship between the development of needle damage and nutrient imbalances in spruce. The retranslocation of elements from the 1-year-old needles to the new flush seems to play a major role in the development of needle bleaching. This approach thus supports the hypothesis described above and confirms a preliminary test with a similar experimental design, which had been conducted earlier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226652
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of needle yellowing in healthy and chlorotic Norway spruce(Picea abies) in a forest decline area of the Fichtelgebirge(N.E. Bavaria) (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 55-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Forest decline ; Needle yellowing ; Chlorophylls ; Carotenoids ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a forest decline area (Fichtelgebirge, N.E. Bavaria, FRG), annual time courses of chloroplast pigments in both healthy and chlorotic Norway spruce were studied. The seasonal time courses of green and apparently healthy trees did not generally differ from those reported in the literature for spruce trees of other regions. Chlorophyll content increased from May to October, remained relatively constant or declined slightly during the fall and early winter, and finally decreased markedly from March to early May when pigment is at its minimum before bud break. The annual maximal chlorophyll content increased with needle age from the current year's needles to 4-yearold needles. While carotene content reached its highest concentration in August, the xanthophylls did not peak until February or March. Pigment dynamics of chlorotic trees with lower concentrations, corresponded to those of undamaged trees. Chlorophyll deficits resulted from less pigment formation as well as pigment loss during the growing period. Even when the content of total chlorophyll was low, the ratio of chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b remained almost unchanged. In conjunction with the chlorophyll reductions, a decrease in the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio and an increase in the xanthophyll/carotene ratio occurred. The periods of needle-chlorophyll reduction did not correlate with those periods of highest concentrations of atmospheric sulphur dioxide, the main air pollutant at the stand. However, chlorophyll formation ceased in the older needle age classes of chlorotic trees when the new flush was sprouting, indicating that nutritional deficiencies affect needle yellowing more than possible direct needle damage by air pollutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226067
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