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  • 1
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    Bioactive trace metals and their isotopes as paleoproductivity proxies: an assessment using GEOTRACES-era data (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Horner, T. J., Little, S. H., Conway, T. M., Farmer, J. R., Hertzberg, J. E., Janssen, D. J., Lough, A. J. M., McKay, J. L., Tessin, A., Galer, S. J. G., Jaccard, S. L., Lacan, F., Paytan, A., Wuttig, K., & GEOTRACES–PAGES Biological Productivity Working Group Members (2021). Bioactive trace metals and their isotopes as paleoproductivity proxies: an assessment using GEOTRACES-era data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 35(11), e2020GB006814. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006814.
    Description: Phytoplankton productivity and export sequester climatically significant quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide as particulate organic carbon through a suite of processes termed the biological pump. Constraining how the biological pump operated in the past is important for understanding past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and Earth's climate history. However, reconstructing the history of the biological pump requires proxies. Due to their intimate association with biological processes, several bioactive trace metals and their isotopes are potential proxies for past phytoplankton productivity, including iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, barium, nickel, chromium, and silver. Here, we review the oceanic distributions, driving processes, and depositional archives for these nine metals and their isotopes based on GEOTRACES-era datasets. We offer an assessment of the overall maturity of each isotope system to serve as a proxy for diagnosing aspects of past ocean productivity and identify priorities for future research. This assessment reveals that cadmium, barium, nickel, and chromium isotopes offer the most promise as tracers of paleoproductivity, whereas iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum do not. Too little is known about silver to make a confident determination. Intriguingly, the trace metals that are least sensitive to productivity may be used to track other aspects of ocean chemistry, such as nutrient sources, particle scavenging, organic complexation, and ocean redox state. These complementary sensitivities suggest new opportunities for combining perspectives from multiple proxies that will ultimately enable painting a more complete picture of marine paleoproductivity, biogeochemical cycles, and Earth's climate history.
    Description: T. J. Horner acknowledges support from NSF; S. H. Little from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P018181/1); T. M. Conway from the University of South Florida; and, J. R. Farmer from the Max Planck Society, the Tuttle Fund of the Department of Geosciences of Princeton University, the Grand Challenges Program of the Princeton Environmental Institute, and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment of Princeton University.
    Keywords: Biological pump ; Marine chemistry ; Biogeochemical cycles ; Micronutrients ; Phytoplankton ; Paleoceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Diel light cycles affect phytoplankton competition in the global ocean (2022)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tsakalakis, I., Follows, M. J., Dutkiewicz, S., Follett, C. L., & Vallino, J. J. Diel light cycles affect phytoplankton competition in the global ocean. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 31(9), (2022): 1838-1849, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13562.
    Description: Aim Light, essential for photosynthesis, is present in two periodic cycles in nature: seasonal and diel. Although seasonality of light is typically resolved in ocean biogeochemical–ecosystem models because of its significance for seasonal succession and biogeography of phytoplankton, the diel light cycle is generally not resolved. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the impact of diel light cycles on phytoplankton competition and biogeography in the global ocean. Location Global ocean. Major taxa studied Phytoplankton. Methods We use a three-dimensional global ocean model and compare simulations of high temporal resolution with and without diel light cycles. The model simulates 15 phytoplankton types with different cell sizes, encompassing two broad ecological strategies: small cells with high nutrient affinity (gleaners) and larger cells with high maximal growth rate (opportunists). Both are grazed by zooplankton and limited by nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. Results Simulations show that diel cycles of light induce diel cycles in limiting nutrients in the global ocean. Diel nutrient cycles are associated with higher concentrations of limiting nutrients, by 100% at low latitudes (−40° to 40°), a process that increases the relative abundance of opportunists over gleaners. Size classes with the highest maximal growth rates from both gleaner and opportunist groups are favoured by diel light cycles. This mechanism weakens as latitude increases, because the effects of the seasonal cycle dominate over those of the diel cycle. Main conclusions Understanding the mechanisms that govern phytoplankton biogeography is crucial for predicting ocean ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycles. We show that the diel light cycle has a significant impact on phytoplankton competition and biogeography, indicating the need for understanding the role of diel processes in shaping macroecological patterns in the global ocean.
    Description: Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems supported M.J.F. and S.D. on CBIOMES grant #549931; C.L.F. on CBIOMES grants #827829 and #553242; and J.J.V. and I.T. on CBIOMES grant #549941. The National Science Foundation supported I.T. and J.J.V. on award #1558710 and J.J.V. on awards #1637630, #1655552 and #1841599.
    Keywords: Biogeography ; Diel light cycle ; Global ocean ; Modelling ; Nutrient cycles ; Phytoplankton ; Resource competition
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Concentrations of mercury forms and ancillary parameters in size fractionated plankton samples and in water collected during 2014 from Long Island Sound and the adjacent shelf (2021)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: LIS plankton
    Description: Concentrations of mercury forms and ancillary parameters were investigated in size fractionated plankton samples and in water from Long Island Sound and the adjacent shelf. Samples were collected in three separate seasons (Spring, Summer, Fall) during 2014 to research the temporal trophic transfer dynamics of mercury and methylmercury into zooplankton and phytoplankton. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/840875
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1634048
    Keywords: Methylmercury ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Estuary ; Mercury
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 4
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    Teamwork in the viscous oceanic microscale (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kanso, E. A., Lopes, R. M., Strickler, J. R., Dabiri, J. O., & Costello, J. H. Teamwork in the viscous oceanic microscale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(29), (2021): e2018193118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018193118.
    Description: Nutrient acquisition is crucial for oceanic microbes, and competitive solutions to solve this challenge have evolved among a range of unicellular protists. However, solitary solutions are not the only approach found in natural populations. A diverse array of oceanic protists form temporary or even long-lasting attachments to other protists and marine aggregates. Do these planktonic consortia provide benefits to their members? Here, we use empirical and modeling approaches to evaluate whether the relationship between a large centric diatom, Coscinodiscus wailesii, and a ciliate epibiont, Pseudovorticella coscinodisci, provides nutrient flux benefits to the host diatom. We find that fluid flows generated by ciliary beating can increase nutrient flux to a diatom cell surface four to 10 times that of a still cell without ciliate epibionts. This cosmopolitan species of diatom does not form consortia in all environments but frequently joins such consortia in nutrient-depleted waters. Our results demonstrate that symbiotic consortia provide a cooperative alternative of comparable or greater magnitude to sinking for enhancement of nutrient acquisition in challenging environments.
    Description: We are grateful to Y. Garcia for help with organism sampling and sorting. E.A.K. is funded by NSF-2100209, NSF RAISE IOS-2034043 and NIH R01 HL 153622-01A1. R.M.L. is a CNPq research fellow (grant # 310642/2017-5). J.H.C. and J.O.D. are funded by Grant NSF-2100705.
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Nutrient limitation ; Symbiosis ; Diffusion limitation ; Cell size
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    A regional, early spring bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii on the New England continental shelf (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(2), (2021): e2020JC016856, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016856.
    Description: The genus Phaeocystis is distributed globally and has considerable ecological, biogeochemical, and societal impacts. Understanding its distribution, growth and ecological impacts has been limited by lack of extensive observations on appropriate scales. In 2018, we investigated the biological dynamics of the New England continental shelf and encountered a substantial bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii. Based on satellite imagery during January through April, the bloom extended over broad expanses of the shelf; furthermore, our observations demonstrated that it reached high biomass levels, with maximum chlorophyll concentrations exceeding 16 µg L−1 and particulate organic carbon levels 〉 95 µmol L−1. Initially, the bloom was largely confined to waters with temperatures 〈6°C, which in turn were mostly restricted to shallow areas near the coast. As the bloom progressed, it appeared to sink into the bottom boundary layer; however, enough light and nutrients were available for growth. The bloom was highly productive (net community production integrated through the mixed layer from stations within the bloom averaged 1.16 g C m−2 d−1) and reduced nutrient concentrations considerably. Long‐term coastal observations suggest that Phaeocystis blooms occur sporadically in spring on Nantucket Shoals and presumably expand onto the continental shelf. Based on the distribution of Phaeocystis during our study, we suggest that it can have a significant impact on the overall productivity and ecology of the New England shelf during the winter/spring transition.
    Description: This project was supported by the US National Science Foundation (Grants 1657855, 1657803, and 1657489). NES‐LTER contributions were supported by grants to HMS from NSF (Grant 1655686) and the Simons Foundation (Grant 561126). VPR operations were supported by the Dalio Explore Fund.
    Description: 2021-07-15
    Keywords: Biomass ; New England ; Nutrients ; Phaeocystis ; Phytoplankton ; Productivity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton and mixotrophs in a temperate estuary (2022)
    Inter Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Millette, N. C., da Costa, M., Mora, J. W., & Gast, R. J. Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton and mixotrophs in a temperate estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 677, (2021): 17–3,. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13850.
    Description: A significant proportion of phototrophic species are known to be mixotrophs: cells that obtain nutrients through a combination of photosynthesis and prey ingestion. Current methods to estimate mixotroph abundance in situ are known to be limited in their ability to help identify conditions that favor mixotrophs over strict autotrophs. For the first time, we combine microscopic analysis of phototrophic taxa with immunoprecipitated bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled DNA amplicon sequencing to identify and quantify active and putative mixotrophs at 2 locations in a microtidal temperate estuary. We analyze these data to examine spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton and mixotrophs. Microscopy-based phototrophic diversity and abundances reveal expected seasonal patterns for our 2 stations, with the start of growth in winter and highest abundances in summer. Diatoms tend to dominate at the site with less stratification, while dinoflagellates and euglenids are usually more prominent at the stratified station. The BrdU-based mixotroph identifications are translated to the microscopy identification and abundances to estimate the proportion of mixotrophs (cells 〉10 µm in size) at both sites. The average proportion of potential mixotrophs is higher at the station with higher stratification (51%) compared to the station with lower stratification (30%), and potential mixotrophs tend to be higher in summer, although we did not conduct BrdU experiments in any of the other seasons. Combining the identification of active mixotrophs through the uptake of BrdU-labeled bacteria with robust abundance measurements can expand our understanding of mixotrophs across systems.
    Description: N.C.M. was funded by a Woods Hole Sea Grant Postdoctoral Fellowship (award number NA14OAR4170074), and M.dC. was funded by a WHOI Summer Student Fellowship. This is VIMS contribution number 4057.
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Mixotrophs ; Estuaries ; Chl a
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  • 7
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    Targeted and untargeted lipidomic analysis of haptophyte cultures reveals novel and divergent nutrient-stress adaptations (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lowenstein, D. P., Mayers, K., Fredricks, H. F., & Van Mooy, B. A. S. Targeted and untargeted lipidomic analysis of haptophyte cultures reveals novel and divergent nutrient-stress adaptations. Organic Geochemistry, 161, (2021): 104315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2021.104315.
    Description: Lipids comprise a significant, highly plastic proportion of the biomass in haptophytes, a ubiquitous, globally significant, and genetically diverse clade of photosynthetic microalgae. Recent studies have investigated the cellular lipidomes of disparate, individual species of haptophytes under nutrient-replete and nutrient-limited conditions, but have not investigated how lipidomes vary across the larger evolutionary clade or its ecological functional groups. We cultured eight species of haptophytes, including five strains of Emiliania huxleyi, for analysis via high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution accurate mass–mass spectrometry (HPLC–HRAM–MS), and performed untargeted computational and hierarchical cluster analyses on their lipidomes. We identified similarities and differences in lipidomes along both evolutionary and ecological lines, and identified potential biomarkers for haptophyte sub-clades, including 38 glycosphingolipids, seven betaine-like lipids, and three phosphatidyl-S,S-dimethylpropanethiol (PDPT) sulfo-phospholipids. We also provide the first evidence for the glycolipid, glucuronosyldiacylglycerol, in eukaryotic microalgae. We conducted a more targeted study of four haptophyte species under nitrogen- and phosphorus-limited conditions to investigate their lipidomic responses to nutrient stress. Under N- and P-limitation, the species exhibited disparate lipidomic responses. Uniquely, in response to N-limitation, E. huxleyi CCMP 374 heavily upregulated PDPT from 3.6 ± 0.9% to 10.4 ± 1.5% of quantified polar lipids. These previously uncharacterized lipidomes and responses to nutrient limitation reflect divergent evolutionary strategies and challenge popular phenotypic extrapolations between species.
    Description: This work was funded by a grant to B.A.S.V.M. from the Simons Foundation (#721229) and Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (#5703). Support was also provided through grants to B.A.S.V.M. from the National Science Foundation (#17562524 and #2022597). Support for K.M. was provided by the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council in the form of a SPITFIRE Doctoral Training Partnership (# NE/L002531/1).
    Keywords: Betaine lipids ; Coccolithophore ; Haptophyte ; Polar lipids ; Nutrient limitation ; Phospholipids ; Phytoplankton ; Triacylglycerols
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Particulate organic carbon deconstructed: molecular and chemical composition of particulate organic carbon in the ocean (2020)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kharbush, J. J., Close, H. G., Van Mooy, B. A. S., Arnosti, C., Smittenberg, R. H., Le Moigne, F. A. C., Mollenhauer, G., Scholz-Boettcher, B., Obreht, I., Koch, B. P., Becker, K. W., Iversen, M. H., & Mohr, W. Particulate organic carbon deconstructed: molecular and chemical composition of particulate organic carbon in the ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 518, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00518.
    Description: The dynamics of the particulate organic carbon (POC) pool in the ocean are central to the marine carbon cycle. POC is the link between surface primary production, the deep ocean, and sediments. The rate at which POC is degraded in the dark ocean can impact atmospheric CO2 concentration. Therefore, a central focus of marine organic geochemistry studies is to improve our understanding of POC distribution, composition, and cycling. The last few decades have seen improvements in analytical techniques that have greatly expanded what we can measure, both in terms of organic compound structural diversity and isotopic composition, and complementary molecular omics studies. Here we provide a brief overview of the autochthonous, allochthonous, and anthropogenic components comprising POC in the ocean. In addition, we highlight key needs for future research that will enable us to more effectively connect diverse data sources and link the identity and structural diversity of POC to its sources and transformation processes.
    Description: We thank the Hanse Institute for Advanced Studies (HWK) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) project number 422798570, as well as the Geochemical Society, for funding which made the workshop possible. CA was additionally supported by OCE-1736772. BV was additionally supported by NSF OCE-1756254.
    Keywords: Marine particles ; Water column ; Phytoplankton ; Marine microbes ; Structural analysis ; Organic matter characterization ; Biomarkers
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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