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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Photosymbiodeme ; Phycosymbiodeme ; Delta13C ; Lichen ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Green lichens have been shown to attain positive net photosynthesis in the presence of water vapour while blue-green lichens require liquid water (Lange et al. 1986). This behaviour is confirmed not only for species with differing photobionts in the genusPseudocyphellaria but for green and blue-green photobionts in a single joined thallus (photosymbiodeme), with a single mycobiont, and also when adjacent as co-primary photobionts. The different response is therefore a property of the photobiont. The results are consistent with published photosynthesis/water content response curves. The minimum thallus water content for positive net photosynthesis appears to be much lower in green lichens (15% to 30%, related to dry weight) compared to blue-greens (85% to 100%). Since both types of lichen rehydrate to about 50% water content by water vapour uptake only green lichens will show positive net photosynthesis. It is proposed that the presence of sugar alcohols in green algae allow them to retain a liquid pool (concentrated solution) in their chloroplasts at low water potentials and even to reform it by water vapour uptake after being dried. The previously shown difference in δ13C values between blue-green and green lichens is also retained in a photosymbiodeme and must be photobiont determined. The wide range of δ13C values in lichens can be explained by a C3 carboxylation system and the various effects of different limiting processes for photosynthetic CO2 fixation. If carboxylation is rate limiting, there will be a strong discrimination of13CO2, at high internal CO2 partial pressure. The resulting very low δ13C values (-31 to-35‰) have been found only in green lichens which are able to photosynthesize at low thallus water content by equilibraiton with water vapour. When the liquid phase diffusion of CO2 becomes more and more rate limiting and the internal CO2 pressure decreases, the13C content of the photosynthates increases and less negative δ13C values results, as are found for blue-green lichens.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lichens ; Humidity ; Water vapor uptake ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dry lichen thalli were enclosed in gas exchange chambers and treated with an air stream of high relative humidity (96.5 to near 100%) until water potential equilibrium was reached with the surrounding air (i.e., no further increase of weight through water vapor uptake). They were then sprayed with liquid water. The treatment took place in the dark and was interrupted by short periods of light. CO2 exchange during light and dark respiration was monitored continuously. With no exception water uptake in all of the lichen species with green algae as phycobionts lead to reactivation of the photosynthetic metabolism. Further-more, high rates of CO2 assimilation were attained without the application of liquid water. To date 73 species with different types of Chlorophyceae phycobionts have been tested in this and other studies. In contrast, hydration through high air humidity alone failed to stimulate positive net photosynthesis in any of the lichens with blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria). These required liquid water for CO2 assimilation. So far 33 species have been investigated, and all have behaved similarly. These have included gelatinous as well as heteromerous species, most with Nostoc phycobionts but in addition some with three other Cyanophyceae phycobionts. The same phycobiont performance differences existed even within the same genus (e.g. Lobaria, Peltigera) between species pairs containing green or blue-green phycobionts respectively. Free living algae also seem to behave in a similar manner. Carbon isotope ratios of the lichen thalli suggest that a definite ecological difference exists in water status-dependent photosynthesis of species with green and blue-green phycobionts. The underlying biochemical or biophysical mechanisms are not yet understood. Apparently, a fundamental difference in the structure of the two groups of algae is involved.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 507-525 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer measurements using a dynamic method and evaluated with an appropriate mathematical model have been made on a tubular loop bioreactor. Correlations of the type used in tank systems are used to describe the influence of power and aeration rate on the mass transfer coefficient. Yeast cultures grown on hydrocarbon and glucose substrates show growth characteristics similar to conventional tank results. Model considerations for large-scale tubular fermentors allow for the prediction of the steady-state oxygen profiles and maximum reactor length. Combination with two-phase flow and oxygen transfer correlations yields a design procedure for commercial scale tubular loop fermentors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 765-767 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1613-1635 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 22 m long. 20 liter tubular loop fermentor (TLF) has been tested for oxygen transfer characteristics and as a reactor for mycelial growth. Model calculations show that the flow pressure drop has an important influence on the axial oxygen profiles. A design model that accounts for this influence is presented. Using the model, KLa values are calculated from the results of sulfite oxidation experiments. These are correlated with power consumption and aeration rates. The KLa dependence on aeration rate was found to be less than found with tank reactors. The growth kinetics of three metabolite-producing mycelial organisms in the TLF are presented: a Streptomyces, a Fusarium, and a Acrophialophora. In order to determine the influence of reactor type on the growth and product formation, these cultures have been grown in tanks and shake flasks. The antibiotic, product spectrum of Streptomyces is compared on the basis of inhibition tests and it is shown that the distribution of products is reactor dependent. The Fusarium culture produced a previously unknown metabolite, whose concentration in the loop fermentor was four times higher than in a shake flask. The Acrophialophora culture grew twice as fast in the loop fermentor, but produced essentially none of the specific product. Power Consumptions of up to 8 kW/m3 in the tubular fermentor did not appear to harm the mycelia.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 40 (1989), S. 575-587 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion behaviour of some cast stainless steels and high alloy white irons in scrubber solutions of flue gas desulfurization plantsWeight loss and electrochemical measurements have been used to determine the ranges of applicability of cast austenitic stainless steel Werkstoff No. 1.4408, of two special cast ferritic-austenitic stainless steels NORIDUR® 9.4460 and NORICLOR® NC 24 6 and of two high alloy Cr and CrMo white irons in scrubber solutions of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) plants. Whereas the Werkstoff No. 1.4408 cannot be used due to its insufficient resistance to general and localized corrosion, NORIDUR® 9.4460 can be used in scrubber solutions with pH 〉 2.5 and chloride concentrations up to 80 g/l, NORICLOR® NC 24 6 with 5% Mo even in liquids with pH 〉 1.5 and chlorides up to 100 g/l. At lower pH-values both duplex stainless steels show active corrosion of either the austenite or the ferrite depending on the contents of hydrochloric acid in the solution. At higher chloride concentrations pitting occurs on the passive materials. The CrMo white iron NORILOY NL 25 2 with 25% Cr and 2% Mo can be used in scrubber liquids with pH 〉 3.5. As the ferritic matrix is cathodically protected by the precipitated carbides, there is no sensitivity of this alloy to chlorides. In liquids with pH 〈 3.5 there is selective corrosion of the ferritic matrix. For practical application of all these cast alloys the limits for purely corrosive attack have to be modified to assure. resistance to a superposition of corrosion, erosion/abrasion and cavitation on parts exposed to real flow conditions in FGD scrubbers.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von Auslagerungsversuchen und elektrochemischen Messungen wurden die Anwendungsgrenzen des nichtrostenden austenitischen Stahlgusses 1.4408, der beiden nichtrostenden ferritisch-austenitischen Sonderstahlgußsorten NORIDUR® 9.4460 und NORICLOR® NC 246 und der beiden hochlegierten ferritisch-carbidischen Hartgußsorten NORILOY NL 25 und NL 252 in Waschwässern von Rauchgas-Entschwefelungs-Anlagen (REA) bestimmt. Während der Stahlguß 1.4408 wegen zu geringer Beständigkeit gegen gleichmäßige Flächen- und insbesondere Loch- und Spaltkorrosion für den Einsatz in REA-Waschwässern nicht geeignet ist, läßt sich der ferritisch-austenitische Stahlguß NORIDUR® 9.4460 in Waschlösungen mit pH 〉 2,5 und Chloridgehalten bis 80 g/1, der mit 5% Mo legierte NORICLOR® NC 246 sogar in Wässern mit pH 〉 1,5 und Chloridgehalten bis 100 g/l problemlos einsetzen. In stark sauren Lösungen unterhalb der genannten pH-Werte korrodieren beide Stahlgußsorten in Form selektiver Korrosion der austenitischen oder der ferritischen Phase, je nach Salzsäuregehalt der Lösung. Bei Chloridgehalten jenseits der Grenzwerte tritt an den passiven Werkstoffen Lochfraß auf. Der ferritisch-carbidische Hartguß NORILOY NL 25 2 mit 25% Cr und 2% Mo ist in Lösungen mit pH 〉 3,5 einsetzbar. Da die ferritische Matrix durch die ausgeschiedenen Carbide kathodisch geschützt wird, reagiert der Werkstoff wenig auf Erhöhung des Chloridgehaltes in der Lösung. In Lösungen mit pH 〈 3,5 wird selektive Korrosion der ferritischen Matrix beobachtet. Für den praktischen Einsatz all dieser Gußwerkstoffe müssen die allein fü korrosive Beanspruchungen geltenden Grenzwerte allerdings oft modifiziert werden, um dem realen Belastungskollektiv aus Korrosion, Erosion/Abrasion und Kavitation an strömungsführenden Bauteilen in REA-Waschkreisläufen gerecht zu werden.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Angraecum ; Carbon isotope composition ; Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) ; Ecopysiology ; Madagascar ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study is an investigation on photosynthetic options in an orchid taxon and deals with the mainly epiphytes comprising genus Angraecum Bory. The incidence of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Angraecum species collected at various habitats in Madagascar was surveyed by analysis of stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C values). The values showed both inter- and intraspecific variability and suggest that in situ about 50% of the analysed species perform C3 photosynthesis, 20% moderate CAM (fixation of external CO2 during day-and night-time) and 30% pronounced CAM (CO2 uptake entirely during the night). The photosynthetic behaviour of the species indicated by the δ13C values was clearly related to the habitat from where the samples derived. In A. eburneum, A. sororium and particularly in A. sesquipedale the stable carbon isotope analysis was complemented by measurements of CAM performance under controlled conditions. The experiments with A. sesquipedale revealed that drought and temperature are important factors modulating CAM, whereas variation of the leaf-to-air water vapor pressure difference was less effective. Altogether, the results of the study support the view that the high biological adaptability and thus the ecological success of the genus Angraecum is largely based on genotypic diversity and intraspecific plasticity of the photosynthetic behaviour.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 38 (1955), S. 613-638 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird eine Synthese des 1,3,7,12,16,18-Hexaphenyl-octadecadiin-(5,13)-trien-(1,9,17)-tetraols-(3,7,12,16) beschrieben. Aus dieser Verbindung wurden durch Wasserabspaltung 3 isomere Kohlenwasserstoffe VI, VII und VIII erhalten, die als Diacetylen-, Acetylen-kumulen- und Dikumulenderivate aufgefasst werden müssen. Die partielle Reduktion dieser Verbindungen führte zu 4 stereoisomeren 1,3,7,12,16,18-Hexaphenyl-octadeca-nonaenen, die sich durch ihre Spektren als behinderte cis-Formen zu erkennen gaben. Durch Einwirkung von Jod auf diese 4 cis-Formen wurden neben der ganztrans-Form noch eine grössere Zahl von cis-trans-isomeren 1,3,7,12,16,18-Hexaphenyl-octadeca-nonaenen erhalten, die sich durch ihre Absorptionsspektren, Schmelzpunkte und Lage im Chromatogramm charakterisieren lassen.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 23 (1951), S. 204-204 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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