ALBERT

Description: Most common human traits and diseases have a polygenic pattern of inheritance: DNA sequence variants at many genetic loci influence the phenotype. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified more than 600 variants associated with human traits, but these typically explain small fractions of phenotypic variation, raising questions about the use of further studies. Here, using 183,727 individuals, we show that hundreds of genetic variants, in at least 180 loci, influence adult height, a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait. The large number of loci reveals patterns with important implications for genetic studies of common human diseases and traits. First, the 180 loci are not random, but instead are enriched for genes that are connected in biological pathways (P = 0.016) and that underlie skeletal growth defects (P 〈 0.001). Second, the likely causal gene is often located near the most strongly associated variant: in 13 of 21 loci containing a known skeletal growth gene, that gene was closest to the associated variant. Third, at least 19 loci have multiple independently associated variants, suggesting that allelic heterogeneity is a frequent feature of polygenic traits, that comprehensive explorations of already-discovered loci should discover additional variants and that an appreciable fraction of associated loci may have been identified. Fourth, associated variants are enriched for likely functional effects on genes, being over-represented among variants that alter amino-acid structure of proteins and expression levels of nearby genes. Our data explain approximately 10% of the phenotypic variation in height, and we estimate that unidentified common variants of similar effect sizes would increase this figure to approximately 16% of phenotypic variation (approximately 20% of heritable variation). Although additional approaches are needed to dissect the genetic architecture of polygenic human traits fully, our findings indicate that GWA studies can identify large numbers of loci that implicate biologically relevant genes and pathways.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955183/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955183/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lango Allen, Hana -- Estrada, Karol -- Lettre, Guillaume -- Berndt, Sonja I -- Weedon, Michael N -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Willer, Cristen J -- Jackson, Anne U -- Vedantam, Sailaja -- Raychaudhuri, Soumya -- Ferreira, Teresa -- Wood, Andrew R -- Weyant, Robert J -- Segre, Ayellet V -- Speliotes, Elizabeth K -- Wheeler, Eleanor -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Park, Ju-Hyun -- Yang, Jian -- Gudbjartsson, Daniel -- Heard-Costa, Nancy L -- Randall, Joshua C -- Qi, Lu -- Vernon Smith, Albert -- Magi, Reedik -- Pastinen, Tomi -- Liang, Liming -- Heid, Iris M -- Luan, Jian'an -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Winkler, Thomas W -- Goddard, Michael E -- Sin Lo, Ken -- Palmer, Cameron -- Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie -- Aulchenko, Yurii S -- Johansson, Asa -- Zillikens, M Carola -- Feitosa, Mary F -- Esko, Tonu -- Johnson, Toby -- Ketkar, Shamika -- Kraft, Peter -- Mangino, Massimo -- Prokopenko, Inga -- Absher, Devin -- Albrecht, Eva -- Ernst, Florian -- Glazer, Nicole L -- Hayward, Caroline -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Jacobs, Kevin B -- Knowles, Joshua W -- Kutalik, Zoltan -- Monda, Keri L -- Polasek, Ozren -- Preuss, Michael -- Rayner, Nigel W -- Robertson, Neil R -- Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur -- Tyrer, Jonathan P -- Voight, Benjamin F -- Wiklund, Fredrik -- Xu, Jianfeng -- Zhao, Jing Hua -- Nyholt, Dale R -- Pellikka, Niina -- Perola, Markus -- Perry, John R B -- Surakka, Ida -- Tammesoo, Mari-Liis -- Altmaier, Elizabeth L -- Amin, Najaf -- Aspelund, Thor -- Bhangale, Tushar -- Boucher, Gabrielle -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Chen, Constance -- Coin, Lachlan -- Cooper, Matthew N -- Dixon, Anna L -- Gibson, Quince -- Grundberg, Elin -- Hao, Ke -- Juhani Junttila, M -- Kaplan, Lee M -- Kettunen, Johannes -- Konig, Inke R -- Kwan, Tony -- Lawrence, Robert W -- Levinson, Douglas F -- Lorentzon, Mattias -- McKnight, Barbara -- Morris, Andrew P -- Muller, Martina -- Suh Ngwa, Julius -- Purcell, Shaun -- Rafelt, Suzanne -- Salem, Rany M -- Salvi, Erika -- Sanna, Serena -- Shi, Jianxin -- Sovio, Ulla -- Thompson, John R -- Turchin, Michael C -- Vandenput, Liesbeth -- Verlaan, Dominique J -- Vitart, Veronique -- White, Charles C -- Ziegler, Andreas -- Almgren, Peter -- Balmforth, Anthony J -- Campbell, Harry -- Citterio, Lorena -- De Grandi, Alessandro -- Dominiczak, Anna -- Duan, Jubao -- Elliott, Paul -- Elosua, Roberto -- Eriksson, Johan G -- Freimer, Nelson B -- Geus, Eco J C -- Glorioso, Nicola -- Haiqing, Shen -- Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa -- Havulinna, Aki S -- Hicks, Andrew A -- Hui, Jennie -- Igl, Wilmar -- Illig, Thomas -- Jula, Antti -- Kajantie, Eero -- Kilpelainen, Tuomas O -- Koiranen, Markku -- Kolcic, Ivana -- Koskinen, Seppo -- Kovacs, Peter -- Laitinen, Jaana -- Liu, Jianjun -- Lokki, Marja-Liisa -- Marusic, Ana -- Maschio, Andrea -- Meitinger, Thomas -- Mulas, Antonella -- Pare, Guillaume -- Parker, Alex N -- Peden, John F -- Petersmann, Astrid -- Pichler, Irene -- Pietilainen, Kirsi H -- Pouta, Anneli -- Ridderstrale, Martin -- Rotter, Jerome I -- Sambrook, Jennifer G -- Sanders, Alan R -- Schmidt, Carsten Oliver -- Sinisalo, Juha -- Smit, Jan H -- Stringham, Heather M -- Bragi Walters, G -- Widen, Elisabeth -- Wild, Sarah H -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Zagato, Laura -- Zgaga, Lina -- Zitting, Paavo -- Alavere, Helene -- Farrall, Martin -- McArdle, Wendy L -- Nelis, Mari -- Peters, Marjolein J -- Ripatti, Samuli -- van Meurs, Joyce B J -- Aben, Katja K -- Ardlie, Kristin G -- Beckmann, Jacques S -- Beilby, John P -- Bergman, Richard N -- Bergmann, Sven -- Collins, Francis S -- Cusi, Daniele -- den Heijer, Martin -- Eiriksdottir, Gudny -- Gejman, Pablo V -- Hall, Alistair S -- Hamsten, Anders -- Huikuri, Heikki V -- Iribarren, Carlos -- Kahonen, Mika -- Kaprio, Jaakko -- Kathiresan, Sekar -- Kiemeney, Lambertus -- Kocher, Thomas -- Launer, Lenore J -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Melander, Olle -- Mosley, Tom H Jr -- Musk, Arthur W -- Nieminen, Markku S -- O'Donnell, Christopher J -- Ohlsson, Claes -- Oostra, Ben -- Palmer, Lyle J -- Raitakari, Olli -- Ridker, Paul M -- Rioux, John D -- Rissanen, Aila -- Rivolta, Carlo -- Schunkert, Heribert -- Shuldiner, Alan R -- Siscovick, David S -- Stumvoll, Michael -- Tonjes, Anke -- Tuomilehto, Jaakko -- van Ommen, Gert-Jan -- Viikari, Jorma -- Heath, Andrew C -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Province, Michael A -- Kayser, Manfred -- Arnold, Alice M -- Atwood, Larry D -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Chanock, Stephen J -- Deloukas, Panos -- Gieger, Christian -- Gronberg, Henrik -- Hall, Per -- Hattersley, Andrew T -- Hengstenberg, Christian -- Hoffman, Wolfgang -- Lathrop, G Mark -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Schreiber, Stefan -- Uda, Manuela -- Waterworth, Dawn -- Wright, Alan F -- Assimes, Themistocles L -- Barroso, Ines -- Hofman, Albert -- Mohlke, Karen L -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Caulfield, Mark J -- Cupples, L Adrienne -- Erdmann, Jeanette -- Fox, Caroline S -- Gudnason, Vilmundur -- Gyllensten, Ulf -- Harris, Tamara B -- Hayes, Richard B -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Mooser, Vincent -- Munroe, Patricia B -- Ouwehand, Willem H -- Penninx, Brenda W -- Pramstaller, Peter P -- Quertermous, Thomas -- Rudan, Igor -- Samani, Nilesh J -- Spector, Timothy D -- Volzke, Henry -- Watkins, Hugh -- Wilson, James F -- Groop, Leif C -- Haritunians, Talin -- Hu, Frank B -- Kaplan, Robert C -- Metspalu, Andres -- North, Kari E -- Schlessinger, David -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Hunter, David J -- O'Connell, Jeffrey R -- Strachan, David P -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Borecki, Ingrid B -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Schadt, Eric E -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Peltonen, Leena -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Visscher, Peter M -- Chatterjee, Nilanjan -- Loos, Ruth J F -- Boehnke, Michael -- McCarthy, Mark I -- Ingelsson, Erik -- Lindgren, Cecilia M -- Abecasis, Goncalo R -- Stefansson, Kari -- Frayling, Timothy M -- Hirschhorn, Joel N -- 064890/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 068545/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 072856/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 072960/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 075491/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076113/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076113/B/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076113/C/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077016/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077016/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 079557/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 079771/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 079895/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 081682/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 081682/Z/06/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 083270/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 084183/Z/07/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 085301/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 085301/Z/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 086596/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 086596/Z/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088885/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091746/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091746/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 263-MA-410953/PHS HHS/ -- AA014041/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA07535/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA10248/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA13320/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA13321/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA13326/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- CA047988/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA49449/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA50385/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA65725/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA67262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA87969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CZB/4/276/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- 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GM074518-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004399/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004399-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004402/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004402-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG005214/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG005214-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL069757/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL069757-10/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL072515/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL072515-06/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL080295/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL080295-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL084729/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL084729-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL084756/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL084756-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH079469/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH079469-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH079470/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH079470-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01-CA098233/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01-GM074518/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01-HG004399/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01-HG004402/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01-HL080295/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01-HL084756/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01-HL72515/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01-MH79469/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01-MH79470/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U54-RR020278/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1-RR025005/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Z01-AG00675/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- Z01-AG007380/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- Z01-HG000024/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):832-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09410. Epub 2010 Sep 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉