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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chemical composition of plant galls: are levels of nutrients and secondary compounds controlled by the gall-former? (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 113 (1998), S. 492-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsGall-formers ; Pontania ; Cynips ; Nitrogen ; Phenolics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical composition of galled and ungalled plant tissue was compared in a series of experiments. Gall and adjacent plant tissue was analysed for 20 species of gall-former on 11 different plant species. There were clear differences between galled and ungalled tissue in levels of nutrients and secondary compounds. Gall tissue generally contained lower levels of nitrogen and higher levels of phenolic compounds than ungalled plant tissue. The gall tissue produced by the same plant in response to different species of gall-former differed in chemical composition, as did the gall-tissue from young and mature galls of the same species. The chemical differences between gall and plant tissues were studied in more detail in two field manipulations. Firstly, the seasonal changes in phenolic biosynthesis in Pontania proxima and P. pedunculi (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) gall tissue were compared to those of their host plants, Salix alba and S. caprea. In both types of gall tissue, phenolic levels declined as the season progressed, but levels in the surrounding plant tissue increased. When the gall insects were killed with insecticide, phenolic levels in the galled tissue dropped to the same level as those in adjacent plant tissue. Secondly, the density of Cynips divisa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) galls on Quercus robur leaves was reduced by removing half the galls present, either those from the central region of the leaf or those from the edge. Decreasing gall density increased the size of the remaining galls and the weight of the insects, but these effects were most marked when the galls remaining were growing centrally on the leaf, i.e. when the galls from the edge had been removed. Decreasing gall density increased the nitrogen content of the remaining galls, again to a greater extent in galls growing centrally on the leaf. The results of these studies suggest that the levels of nutrients and secondary compounds in gall tissue are usually markedly different to those of surrounding plant tissue, and that gall-formers may produce species-specific and temporally variable changes in the chemical composition of gall tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050401
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibition of phenolic biosynthesis in damaged and undamaged birch foliage and its effect on insect herbivores (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 76 (1988), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Phenolics ; Leaf-damage ; Spodoptera ; Feeding-preference ; Belula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The leaves of Betula pendula Roth trees were damaged artificially, or by insect-grazing. Both induced an increase in phenolic levels in damaged leaves, larger in the case of insect attack.-2. Some of the damaged trees were sprayed with an inhibitor of phenolic biosynthesis, (aminoxy) acetic acid, which led to a reduction in phenolic levels in both undamaged and damaged leaves. Hence both the effects of damage per se and damage-induced changes in foliage phenolic levels on insect feeding preference could be examined using this technique.-3. Herbivore feeding preferences were assessed in the laboratory by comparing damaged and undamaged leaves, with or without phenolic inhibition, using caterpillars of a natural birch feeder, Apocheima pilosaria D. & S. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and a non-birch feeder, Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neither species showed any significant preferences and appeared indifferent to damage, irrespective of whether the trees had their damage-induced phenolic synthesis blocked.-4. The implications of these results for “induced defense” theory are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379602
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of different types of damage on the chemistry of birch foliage, and the responses of birch feeding insects (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 74 (1987), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Phenolics ; Leaf-damage ; Food-choice ; Geometridae ; Betula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. We collected insect-grazed, mined, and holepunched leaves of Betula pendula Roth, and assessed their palatability to four species of birch-feeding lepidopteran caterpillars (Apocheima pilosaria D. & S., Erranis defolaria Clerck, Epirrita dilutata D. & S., and Euproctis similis Fuessly) in laboratory preference tests. The palatability of hole-punched leaves of different ages was also determined, using Apocheima pilosaria only. 2. The total phenolic content and protein-precipitating ability of undamaged and all three types of damaged leaves was measured, together with the water content of mined, insect-grazed and undamaged leaves. 3. Only the mined leaves were consistently avoided in the feeding trials; the other sorts of damage were often preferred by the caterpillars, even though phenolic levels increased in all the damaged leaves. The insects appeared either to be indifferent to changes in the protein-precipitating ability of leaves, or actually preferred leaves showing the largest increase. 4. The results show clear qualitative as well as quantitative differences in birch's response to different types of damage. They also show that herbivore preferences depend upon both the damage type and the species of insect being tested. Preferences are difficult or impossible to relate to changes in phenolic levels, or to the protein-precipitating ability of leaves. The possible consequences of these results for ‘induced defense’ theory are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378941
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenolic biosynthesis, leaf damage, and insect herbivory in birch (Betula pendula) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phenolics ; PAL activation ; insect herbivory ; plant resistance ; Betula pendula ; Apochemia pilosaria ; Lepidoptera ; geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of both caterpillar herbivory and artificial damage on phenylalanine ammonia lysase (PAL) activity of birch foliage was measured, using an intact cell assay. After artificial damage there was a small increase in PAL activity in damaged leaves but no change in adjacent undamaged ones. Insect grazing produced a larger increase in PAL activity, and the enzyme activity was also increased in adjacent undamaged leaves. Artificial damage increased the phenolic levels of the damaged leaves. Insect grazing caused a larger, longer-lasting increase in phenolic levels and also elevated phenolic levels in undamaged leaves. The possible role of these wound-induced biochemical changes in birch is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027789
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