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  • 1
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: verapamil ; dissolution ; stereospecific ; enantiomer ; HPLC ; in vitro ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The determination of the in vitro dissolution profiles of three different modified-release formulations of (±)-verapamil were determined and compared to a reference (Calan SR). The determination of (±)-verapamil utilized a microwave-facilitated derivatization reaction with an enantiomerically pure reagent followed by measurement of drug by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The dissolution profile of each of the four modified-release formulations was followed for the first hour in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and then in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.5) for up to a total of 12 h. The resulting dissolution profiles of each modified-release formulation suggested that only one of the three test formulations had a similar dissolution to the Calan SR reference. Interestingly, the (S:R)-enantiomer ratios of two of the test products were significantly different from unity, and the third test product was also significantly different from unity if 4 out of 5 outliers were omitted. It is suggested that dissolution testing of modified-release formulations containing chiral active ingredients must be stereospecific in order to discern whether a drug-excipient interaction occurs. Additionally, it may be suggested that dissolution techniques relying more upon diffusion of medium through the tablet matrix, rather than erosion of the tablet, may accentuate enantiomeric differences in release rates. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The four protected diastereoisomcrs 7a/7b and 8a/8b P-thioadenylyl-(3′-5′)-P-thioadenylyI-(3′-5′)-adenosine were synthesized, separated, and deblocked to the free oligonucleotides (Scheme). Biochemical characterization of these (3′-5′)phosphorothioate analogues of adenyiate trimer indicate that these compounds, and the corresponding 5′-monophosphates, neither bind to nor activate RNase L, and are considered to be valuable control compounds in screening experiments.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of biodegradable 2′- and 5′ -ester and 2′- and 5′ -carbonate conjugates of the antivirally active 3′-deoxyadenylyl-(2′-5′)-3′-deoxyadenylyl-(2′-5′)-3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin-trimer core) with the vitamins, E, D2, and A and the lipids 1,2-di-O-palmitoylglycerol and 1,2-di-O-hexadecylglycerol were achieved first by preparation of the trimeric educts 19-21 (Scheme 1). Secondly, these substances were condensed with the lipophilic residues via a succinate or carbonate linker and then deprotected by β-elimination of the npeoc and npe protecting groups and acid treatment for detritylation without harming the ester and carbonate functions, respectively (Scheme 2). Metabolically stable cordycepin-trimer-vitamin and -lipid conjugates are a new class of bioconjugates that inhibit HIV-1-induced syncytia formation with IC50 values of 7, 18, and 24 m̈M for 39, 29, and 42, respectively, and inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity from 14 to 96% (see Table). Of the nine conjugates tested, inhibition of HIV-1 replication by 28, 29, 32, 40, and 42 may be attributed in part to the activation of the RNase L/PKR antiviral pathways. Trimer conjugate 42 showed the greatest inhibition of HIV-1 replication, i.e., a 120-fold decrease in HIV-1-induced syncytia formation and an 88% inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). This inhibition of replication of HIV-1 by 42 can be attributed in part to the activation of recombinant, human RNase L. The inhibition of HIV-1 replication by the cordycepin-trimer-vitamin and -lipid conjugates is significantly greater than that observed for the (2′-5′) A-trimer core or cordycepin-trimer core.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monomeric 3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) was modified at the 2′-O- (13-18) and 5′-O-position (25-29) by the vitamins E, D2, and A and by the two lipids 1,2-di-O-palmitoylglycerol and 1,2-di-O-hexadecylglycerol via succinate or carbonate linkages. The base-labile conjugates afforded protection groups like the 2-(4-nitro-phenyl)ethoxycarbonyl (npeoc) and monomethoxytrityl group (MeOTr) that are cleavable without harming the ester and carbonate bonds, respectively. Monomeric conjugates of cordycepin and vitamin E, vitamin D2, 1,2-di-O-palmitoylglycerol, and 1,2-di-O-hexadecylglycerol (see 13, 14, 17, 18, 25, 26, 28, and 29) inhibited HIV-1-induced syncytia formation 1.7 to 6.2 fold compared to 1.5-fold for cordycepin (see Table); IC50 values for 25 and 28 were 257 and 267 m̈M, respectively. In addition, the monomeric cordycepin-vitamin and -lipid conjugates inhibited HIV-1 RT activity 28-49% which compares with a 13% inhibition of HIV-1 RT observed for cordycepin. The minimal inhibition of HIV-1-induced syncytia formation and HIV-1 RT activity did not proceed by the activation of RNase L. The monomeric conjugates tested (13, 14) increased PKR expression.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An efficient strategy for the synthesis of (2′-5′)adenylate trimer conjugates with 2′-terminal 3′-O-(ω-hydroxyalkyl) and 3′-O-(ω-carboxyalkyl) spacers is reported. Npeoc-protected adenosine building blocks 37--40 for phosphoramidite chemistry carrying a 3′-O-[11-(levulinoyloxy)undecyl], 3′-O-{2-[2-(levulinoyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl}, 3′-O-[5-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)pentyl], and 3′-O-{5-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]pentyl} moiety, respectively, were prepared (npeoc = 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl). Condensation with the cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) dimer 1 led to the corresponding trimers 42, 43, 47, and 48. Whereas the levulinoyl (lev) and 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl(fm) blocking groups could be cleaved off selectively from the trimers 42, 43, and 48 yielding the intermediates 44, 45, and 49 for the synthesis of the 3′-O-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)trimers 53, 54 and the cholesterol conjugates 59--61, the 2-cyanoethyl (ce) protecting group of 47, however, could not be removed in a similar manner from the carboxy function. Trimer 47 served as precursor for the preparation of the trimer 55 with a terminal 3′-O-(5-carboxypentyl)adenosine moiety. The metabolically stable 3′-O-alkyl-(2′--5′)A derivatives were tested regarding inhibition of HIV-1 syncytia formation and HIV-1 RT activity. Only the conjugate 59 showed significant effects, whereas the trimers 53--55 and the conjugates 60 and 61 were less potent inhibitors, even at 100-fold larger concentrations.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 2 (1990), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: MDMA ; MDA ; kinetics ; enantiomers ; behavioral effects ; neurotoxicity ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of MDMA were conducted in rats using the iliac arterial cannulation. Two routes of administration, intravenous and subcutaneous, were evaluated at two dose levels for each route [20 and 40 mg/kg (±)-MDMA for subcutaneous, 10 and 20 mg/kg (±)-MDMA for intravenous administrations]. The average half-life (±SD) for all dosing groups was 2.5 ± 0.8 h for (-)-(R)-MDMA and 2.2 ±0.8 h for (+)-(S)-MDMA. The more rapid clearnace of (+)-(S)-MDMA compared with (-)-(R)-MDMA is consistent with the area under the curve (AUC) data of the parent drug and its primary metabolite MDA. The mean (±SD) AUC S/R ratios of MDMA and MDA were 0.70 ± 0.05 and 3.1 ± 0.8, respectively. Following a 20 mg/kg dose of racemic MDMA iv the mean (±SD) of the percent dose excreted as (-)-(R)-MDMA, (+)-(S)-MDMA, (-)-(R)-MDA, and (+)-(S)-MDA were 20 ± 10, 12 ± 6, 3 ± 1, and 6 ± 2, respectively.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bromination of 4,4′,4″-Trisubstituted Triphenylamines. Torsional Control of Electrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionThe structures of the tribromination products of tris-(p-bromophenyl)-amine (2), tris-(p-tolyl)-amine (3) and tris-(p-anisyl)-amine (4) have been determined by comparison of their NMR spectra with those of the appropriate 4-substituted 2-bromoaniline or 4-substituted 3-bromoaniline as model compounds. The spectra (figures 1-3) show that in all cases one bromine atom substitutes in each ring of the triarylamine on a site ortho to the nitrogen atom. These results have been confirmed by fitting the chemical shifts and coupling constants to calculate the NMR spectra of these compounds (table 1). Substitution at the ortho position is consistent with the expected relative activation effects (but not steric effects) of the diarylamino group and the para substituents when the latter are Br or CH3, but probably not when they are OCH3. Deuterium exchange in 3 and 4 also occurs ortho to the amine nitrogen, but at all six ortho sites. Chlorination of triphenylamine (1) can be carried to the perchlorination stage with complete replacement of aromatic hydrogen by chlorine. Bromination of 1 under comparable conditions becomes very slow after the substitution of four bromine atoms per ring. These results are interpreted as the result of stepwise electrophilic substitution which occurs only when the aromatic ring undergoing reaction is rotated close to the fully activated conformation, in which it is coplanar with the three C—N bonds of the triarylamine. The other two rings must be rotated far out of the plane to permit the ring undergoing substitution to attain this conformation. After bromination in one ortho position, the bulky bromine atom prevents return to the fully activated position, but the smaller hydrogen, deuterium, or chlorine atom does not; thus bromination of the second ortho position is very slow, while deuterium exchange or chlorination proceed at normal rates.
    Notes: Die Strukturen der Tribromierungsprodukte von 4.4′.4″-Tribrom-triphenylamin (2), Tris-[4-methyl-phenyl]-amin (3) und Tris-[4-methoxy-phenyl]-amin (4) werden durch Vergleich ihrer NMR-Spektren mit denjenigen von 4-substit. 2-Brom- oder 3-Brom-anilin bestimmt. Die NMR-Spektren (Abb. 1-3) zeigen, daß in allen Ringen des Triarylamins Monobrom-Substitution in ortho-Stellung zum Stickstoff erfolgt. Diese Ergebnisse werden durch NMR-Spektren bestätigt, die mit Hilfe von angeglichenen chemischen Verschiebungen und Kopplungs-konstanten errechnet wurden (Tab. 1). Die Substitution in ortho-Stellung stimmt mit den erwarteten relativen Aktivierungseffekten der Diarylamin-Gruppe und der para-Substituenten Br oder CH3, wahrscheinlich jedoch nicht OCH3, überein. Deuterium-Austausch in 3 und 4 erfolgt ebenfalls in ortho-Stellung zum Amin-Stickstoff jedoch in allen sechs ortho-Stellungen. Die Chlorierung von Triphenylamin (1) kann bis zum vollständigen Ersatz der aromatischen Wasserstoff-Atome durch Chlor ausgedehnt werden. Die unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen erfolgende Bromierung von 1 verläuft nach der Einführung von vier Brom-Atomen in jeden Ring äußerst langsam. Die Ergebnisse werden als Folge einer stufenweisen elektrophilen Substitution interpretiert, die nur dann durchführbar ist, wenn der reagierende aromatische Ring sich in die nahezu vollständig aktivierte Lage dreht, in der der Ring in einer Ebene mit den drei C—N-Bindungen liegt. Um diese Lage zu ermöglichen, müssen die beiden anderen Ringe sich weit aus der Ebene herausdrehen. Nach der Bromierung in einer ortho-Stellung verhindert das sperrige Brom-Atom, im Gegensatz zum kleineren Wasserstoff, Deuterium oder Chlor, die Rückbildung der vollständig aktivierten Anordnung. Aus diesem grund erfolgt die Bromierung in der zweiten ortho-Stellung sehr langsam, während Chlorierung oder Deuterium-Austausch mit normaler Geschwindigkeit verlaufen.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The products 1 and 2 (X = OTs) have been isolated from the reaction between hexamethylphosphortriamide and p-toluene sulfonic anhydride and the latter converted into μ-oxo-bis-[tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium]-bis-tetrafluoroborate 2 (X = BF4). This is a practical reagent for the formation of the peptide link. Where racemisation is possible via oxazolone formation this can be decreased by the addition of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole or N-hydroxysuccinimide. These additives may also increase the efficiency of condensation at glycine and proline residues.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Astaxanthin from β-Ionone. I. A Route to the Enantiomeric C15-Wittig Salts by Chemical and Microbial Resolution of (±)-3-Acetoxy-4-oxo-β-iononeRacemic 3-acetoxy-4-oxo-β-ionone (10) was synthesized from the industrially accessible intermediate β-ionone (5). Resolution of 10 into its enantiomers was achieved via the corresponding diastereomeric camphanates and by microbial resolution. Site-selective alkylation of racemic and of optically pure 3-acyloxy-4-oxo-β-ionones with vinyl magnesium chloride at -70° furnished the corresponding 3-acyloxy-4-oxo-9-vinyl-β-ionols which could be transformed to the Wittig salts 1, 3 and 4, respectively, following known procedures [1].
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chemical synthesis of adenylyl-(2′-5′)-adenylyl-(2′-5′)-8-azidoadenosine (15) was performed by the phosphotriester approach. Enzymatic phosphorylation of 15 by [γ-32P]ATP led to the corresponding labelled 5′-monophosphate 16. Photoinsertion of 16 took place on UV irradiation by covalent cross linking to a protein of Mr 80 K known to be RNase L. Radiobinding and core-cellulose assays as well as photoaffinity labelling experiments with 16 are described.
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