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  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (39)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (39)
  • 1980-1984  (39)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic exposure to a 60-Hz electric field: Effects on synaptic transmission and peripheral nerve function in the rat (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; rat ; sciatic nerve ; vagus nerve ; superior cervical sympathetic ganglion ; chronic exposure ; 60 Hz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Several reports have suggested that the nervous system can be affected by exposure to electric fields and that these effects may have detrimental health consequences for the exposed organism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic (30-day) exposure of rats to a 60-Hz, 100-kV/m electric field on synaptic transmission and peripheral-nerve function. One hundred forty-four rats, housed in individual polycarbonate cages were exposed to uniform, vertical, 60-Hz electric fields in a system free of corona discharge and ozone formation and in which the animals did not receive spark discharges or other shocks during exposure. Following 30 days of exposure to the electric field, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, vagus and sciatic nerves were removed from rats anesthetized with urethan, placed in a temperature-controlled chamber, and superfused with a modified mammalian Ringer's solution equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Several measures and tests were used to characterize synaptic transmission and peripheral-nerve function. These included amplitude, area, and configuration of the postsynaptic or whole-nerve compound-action potential; conduction velocity; accommodation; refractory period; strength-duration curves; conditioning-test (C-T) response, frequency response; post-tetanic response; and high-frequency-induced fatigue. The results of a series of neurophysiologic tests and measurements indicate that only synaptic transmission is significantly and consistently affected by chronic (30-day) exposure to a 60-Hz, 100-kV/m electric field. Specifically, an increase in synaptic excitability was detected in replicated measurements of the C-T response ratio. In addition, there are trends in other data that can be interpreted to suggest a generalized increase in neuronal excitability in exposed animals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010204
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on pineal function in the rat (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; pineal gland ; circadian rhythm ; melatonin ; 5 methoxytryptophol ; acetyl transferase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: As a component of studies to search for effects of 60-Hz electric field exposure on mammalian endocrine function, concentrations of melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, and serotonin-Nacetyl transferase activity were measured in the pineal glands of rats exposed or sham-exposed at 65 kV/m for 30 days. In two replicate experiments there were statistically significant differences between exposed and control rats in that the normal nocturnal increase in pineal melatonin content was depressed in the exposed animals. Concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol were increased in the pineal glands of the exposed groups when compared to shamexposed controls. An alteration was also observed in serotonin-N-acetyl transferase activity, with lower levels measured in pineal glands from exposed animals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020408
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular response of rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; electrocardiogram (ECG) ; heart rate ; blood pressure ; vascular reactivity ; cold stress ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Recently, it has been reported that exposure to high-strength electric fields can influence electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns, heart rates, and blood pressures in various species of animals. Our studies were designed to evaluate these reported effects and to help clarify some of the disagreement present in the literature. Various cardiovascular variables were measured in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed or sham-exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at 80 or 100 kV/m for periods up to four months. No significant differences in heart rates, ECG patterns, blood pressures, or vascular reactivity were observed between exposed and sham-exposed rats after 8 hours, 40 hours, 1 month, or 4 months of exposure. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements, made during exposure to a 100-kV/m electric field for one hour, revealed no significant differences between exposed and sham-exposed groups. In addition, physiologic reserve capacity, measured in rats subjected to low temperature after exposure to 100 kV/m for one month, showed that electric-field exposure had no significant effect on physiological response to cold stress. Our studies cannot be directly compared to the work of other investigators because of differences in animal species and electric-field characteristics. However, our failure to detect any cardiovascular changes may have been the result of 1) eliminating secondary field effects such as shocks, audible noise, corona, and ozone; 2) minimizing steady-state microcurrents between the mouth of the animal and watering devices; and 3) minimizing electric-field-induced vibration of the electrodes and animal cages.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and metabolism of rodents exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; body weight ; oxygen consumption ; rat ; mouse ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: There have been a number of reports in the literature concerning growth-related changes in various animal species exposed to high-strength electric fields. Many of the laboratories reporting such effects have not documented and controlled for the secondary factors that are associated with generating high-strength electric fields (ie, corona, ozone, harmonic distortion, cage vibration, spark discharge). We have designed an exposure system in which we eliminated or minimized these secondary factors, therefore enabling us to examine only the effects of electric fields per se. Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at kV/m for up to four months. In 17 individual experiments, we found a greater number of experiments in which the exposed rats had lower body weights than controls. This trend was not evident in data obtained from 14 individual mouse experiments. In more exhaustive growth studies, we found no significant differences in body weights, organ weights, or O2 consumption between exposed and sham-exposed controls. Our failure to detect any major changes in growth was probably the result of eliminating or minimizing the secondary factors associated with electric field exposure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeation in rats during exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 371-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: blood-brain barrier ; rats ; 2450-MHz microwaves ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Adult rats anesthesized with pentobarbital and injected intravenously with a mixture of [14C]sucrose and [3H]inulin were exposed for 30 min to an environment at an ambient temperature of 22, 30, or 40 °C, or were exposed at 22 °C to 2450-MHz CW microwave radiation at power densities of 0, 10, 20, or 30 mW/cm2. Following exposure, the brain was perfused and sectioned into eight regions, and the radioactivity in each region was counted. The data were analyzed by two methods. First, the data for each of the eight regions and for each of the two radioactive tracers were analyzed by regression analysis for a total of 16 analyses and Bonferroni's Inequality was applied to prevent false positive results from numerous analyses. By this conservative test, no statistically significant increase in permeation was found for either tracer in any brain region of rats exposed to microwaves. Second, a profile analysis was used to test for a general change in tracer uptake across all brain regions. Using this statistical method, a significant increase in permeation was found for sucrose but not for inulin. A correction factor was then derived from the warm-air experiments to correct for the increase in permeation of the brain associated with change in body temperature. This correction factor was applied to the data for the irradiated animals. After correcting the data for thermal effects of the microwave radiation, no significant increase in permeation was found.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030309
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A behavioral response of swine to a 60-Hz electric field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: miniature swine ; ELF ; 60-Hz electric field ; behavior ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that rats, given the choice, will spend more time out of a 60-Hz electric field than in it at field strengths ≥ 75 kV/m. This paper describes research to examine the relevance of these data to a different species, the pig. Miniature pigs that had been exposed to a 60-Hz electric field at 30 kV/m for 20 h/day, 7 days/week for as long as 6 months, were tested for their preference for the presence or absence of the field during a 23.5-h period. Similar to earlier results with rats, miniature pigs spent more time out of the electric field than in it during the sleeping period.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030407
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perinatal exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on the development of the visual-evoked response in rats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 327-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; perinatal exposure ; rat ; visual-evoked response ; central nervous system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two independent series of experiments were performed on 114 male Sprague-Dawley derived, albino rat pups, which represented 61 litters in experimental series I and 53 litters in experimental series II. Animals were exposed for 20 h/day from conception to testing (postnatal days 11-20) to a vertical, 65-kV/m, 60-Hz electric field or sham-exposed. Recordings of the visual-evoked response (VER) were obtained using a small silver ball electrode placed epidurally over the visual cortex. Visual stimuli consisted of 10-μS light flashes delivered at 0.2 Hz. Computer-averaged VERs were obtained and power spectral analyses (fast Fourier transform) were performed on the tapered (split cosine-bell window), averaged VERs. The expected age-related changes were clearly evident; however, a detailed analysis of VER component latencies, peak-to-peak amplitude, and power spectra failed to reveal any consistent, statistically significant effect of exposure to 60-Hz electric fields.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040405
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on prenatal and postnatal development in rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; rats ; behavior ; teratology ; growth ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A series of three experiments was performed to determine the effects of 30-day exposures to uniform 60-Hz electric fields (100 kV/m) on reproduction and on growth and development in the fetuses and offspring of rats. In the first experiment, exposure of females for 6 days prior to and during the mating period did not affect their reproductive performance, and continued exposure through 20 days of gestation (dg) did not affect the viability, size, or morphology of their fetuses. In the second experiment, exposure of the pregnant rat was begun on 0 dg and continued until the resulting offspring reached 8 days of age. In the third experiment, exposure began at 17 dg and continued through 25 days of postnatal life. In the second and third experiments, no statistically significant differences suggesting impairment of the growth or survival of exposed offspring were detected. In the second experiment, a significantly greater percentage of the exposed offspring showed movement, standing, and grooming at 14 days of age than among-sham-exposed offspring. There was a significant decrease at 14 days in the percentage of exposed offspring displaying the righting reflex in the second experiment and negative geotropism in the third experiment. These differences were all transient and were not found when the animals were tested again at 21 days of age. Evaluation of the reproductive integrity of the offspring of the second experiment did not disclose any deficits.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The molecular basis of ultrasonic absorption by proteins (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasonic absorption ; proteins ; polypeptides ; peptides ; amino acids ; tissues ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This article reviews significant advances in understanding the basis for the magnitude of ultrasonic absorption in proteins and related biological materials. Carstensen and Schwan's accurate and extensive measurements on blood and hemoglobin solutions provided the initial experimental data; these were augmented by data from measurements on aqueous solutions of gelatin, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, various polypeptides, and amino acids. The initial frequency range of 1-10 MHz; was expanded to 0.035-1000 MHz; temperature and pH dependences of absorption were studied. Theoretical approaches included consideration of the relative motion of blood cells in plasma, perturbation of water structure around macromolecules, solvation of charged entities, proton-transfer reactions, and helix-coil transitions.Proton-transfer reactions between amino and carboxylic groups and water proved to be largely responsible for the observed peaks in the pH dependence of absorption coefficient; the peaks occurred in the basic and acidic regions corresponding to the pKs for titration of these groups. Such reactions could not account for the magnitude of absorption at physiological pH because only histidine titrated in this range. Extensive analysis, using relaxation theory, and, measurements have shown that the proton transfer reaction between the imidazole group of histidine and hydrogen phosphate ion (in solution) provides sufficient volume change for significant ultrasonic absorption at physiological pH. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was found with the peptide bacitracin in phosphate buffer solutions. By generalizing these results to the case of a protein, Slutsky et al estimated maximum values of frequency-dependent absorption coefficients for “typical tissue” and found them to be correct to order of magnitude, even exceeding observed values in soft tissues in some instances, instead of being far too small as was always the case in the past. Thus, in principle, adjustment of parameters, such as pK values, could bring theory and experiment into agreement for the first time.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030119
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Both thermal and athermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on BHK-21/C13 cells were sought using scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with an in vitro technique that allows direct exposure of monolayer cultures to high average power densities. Culture dishes were irradiated by placing them on the open end of an E- or U-band wave guide. This technique exposes different regions of the cell monolayer lying along the longer axis of the wave guide aperture to varying power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center.Cell ultrastructure was unaffected by microwave radiation for 1 hour (41.8 or 74.0 GHz, average power densitites = 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively) with or without cooling by rapid recirculation of the culture medium. Temperature in recirculated cultures was held at 37.2 °C, and that in noncooled cultures never exceeded 42 °C during irradiation at either power density. In contrast, cell morphology was affected by microwave exposure whenever irradiation conditions were altered so that the temperature of the monolayer reached or exceeded 44.5 °C. Ultrastructural alterations included breakage of cell processes, progressive detachment of cells from the substrate, increased clumping of heterochromatin in the nuclei, and the appearance of large empty vesicles in the cytoplasm. Such morphological changes resulted from either application of higher average power densities or irradiation at the power densities described above at a higher ambient temperature (〉38.5°C).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020205
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