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  • 1
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    A review of applications of microwave radiometry to oceanography (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Following a review of the essential physics of microwave radiative transfer, oceanographic applications of this background physics are discussed using data from electrically scanning microwave radiometers on the Nimbus 5 and 6 satellites operating at 1.55-cm and 8-mm wavelengths, respectively. These data are interpreted in terms of rain rate, ice coverage, and first-year versus multiyear ice determination. It is shown that multifrequency radiometer measurements make it possible to separate the surface and atmospheric effects and to obtain useful measurements of sea surface temperature, surface wind speed, and atmospheric parameters along with improved measurements of rain and ice.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
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  • 2
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    Blended SST fields combined SMMR/ship data (summary of technique) (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: All remote sensors have bias problems which vary in space and time. The infrared measurements are very sparse in cloudy areas: the SMMR has coverage limitations due to the interference of land areas and only half time operation. If one simply averaged the data from these various sources, the combination of the biases and varying sampling would introduce artifacts into the analyzed product which would reflect the sampling and which could be quite misleading. The remote sensors provide reasonable estimates of gradients of SST over length scales greater than the sensor resolution but smaller than hemispheric. Ships can be considered unbiased but are poorly distributed on small scales except in the densest shipping lanes. An analysis scheme based on a suggestion by Holl was developed which exploits just this approximately complementarity to provide an improved SST analysis. The resulting accuracy appears to be in the required approx. 0.5 C range for the particular case of using SMMR and ship data to produce two degree latitude by two degrees longitude monthly analyses.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature; 5 p
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  • 3
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    Microwave radiometric determination of wind speed at the surface of the ocean during BESEX (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Microwave radiometric measurements were made at wavelengths ranging from 0.8 to 2.8 cm at altitudes from 0.16 to 11 km under well documented meteorological conditions over the Bering Sea. It is shown that determinations of wind speed at the ocean surface and liquid water content of the clouds may be made from such data. Determinations were made from two simultaneous but independent sets of radiometric measurements. The wind speeds and liquid water contents made from these two sets showed remarkable agreement. Independent estimates of these parameters made from in situ measurements showed reasonable agreement as well.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-25; Jan. 197
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  • 4
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    Spectral characteristics of the microwave emission from a wind-driven foam-covered sea (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Aircraft observations of the microwave emission from the wind-driven foam-covered Bering Sea substantiate earlier results and show that the combination of surface roughness and white water yields a significant microwave brightness temperature dependence on wind speed over a wide range of microwave wavelengths, with a decreasing dependence for wavelengths above 6 cm. The spectral characteristic of brightness temperature as a function of wind speed is consistent with a foam model in which the bubbles give rise to a cusped surface between the foam and the sea. In the fetch-limited situation the contribution of the wave structure at the surface appears to increase as the foam coverage decreases. Although the data show that the thin streaks are the most important part of the white water signature, there is some evidence for the contribution of whitecaps.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; June 20
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  • 5
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    A model for the microwave emissivity of the ocean's surface as a function of wind speed (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A quantitative model is presented, which describes the ocean surface as an ensemble of flat facets with a normal distribution of slopes. The variance of the slope distribution is linearly related to frequency up to 35 GHz and constant at higher frequencies. These facets are partially covered with an absorbing nonpolarized foam layer. Experimental evidence is presented for this model.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-17; Oct. 197
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  • 6
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    The effect of wind on the microwave emission from the ocean's surface at 37 GHz (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave brightness temperature measurements from the electrically scanned microwave radiometer (frequency = 37 GHz) are compared with oceanic wind measurements from data buoys. It is shown that the brightness temperature can be manipulated to yield a measure of the surface roughening, which can be very well accounted for by a simple geometric optics model. The data of Hollinger (1971) at 1.4, 8, 36, and 19.34 GHz were similarly manipulated and shown to require a surface with less slope variance than that predicted by the Cox and Munk (1955) optical measurements. It is also shown that the surface may be treated as isotropic to an accuracy equivalent to the roughening produced by a 2-m/s wind speed increment.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Aug. 20
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  • 7
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    Sea surface temperatures from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer on Nimbus 7 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Because of problems with the design and calibration of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on Nimbus 7, sea surface temperature (SST) algorithms had to be developed that corrected for instrument effects. Several stages of this development are reported here. The quality of the SST products from the final version is assessed. Thirty-four months of data have been analyzed; the average SST error is about 1.12 C over the whole globe. The error is smaller in the equatorial region and larger in the northern oceans. The main source of error is due to heating of the SMMR instrument. Specific problems in the design of the instrument are discussed. The details of the ST algorithms are given in an appendix.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 11
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  • 8
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    Retrieval of ocean surface parameters from the scanning multifrequency microwave radiometer (SMMR) on the Nimbus-7 satellite (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sea-surface temperature retrievals have been tested on 2 months of Nimbus-7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer data. Using the prelaunch versions of the instrument calibration and geophysical parameter retrieval algorithms the initial results were poor. Improved algorithms produced substantially better results. It appears that at least for the night-Southern Hemisphere portion of the Nimbus-7 orbit, a rms measurement accuracy of 1.45 C has been achieved. Similar tests with wind speed retrievals yield an accuracy of 2.7 m/s rms with no substantial differences between day and night measurements but limited by availability of surface observations to the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, it appears that the retrieved wind speed is more nearly related to the square of the wind observed at the surface than to the wind itself.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 133-142
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  • 9
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    Aircraft and satellite passive microwave observations of the Bering Sea ice cover during MIZEX West (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year ice types.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 368-377
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  • 10
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    Beaufort sea ice zones by means of microwave imagery (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analysis of the aircraft microwave data obtained during the AIDJEX pilot experiment is presented and compared with a recent analysis of the microwave brightness temperatures measured in situ in the vicinity of the n main AIDJEX camp. The sea ice is divided into five distinct zones, the properties of each are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70867 , X-910-75-80
    Format: application/pdf
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