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  • 1
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    Low-frequency variability of sea level as related to the heat balance of global oceans (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The TOPEX/POSEIDON mission will determine global changes of sea level with unprecedented accuracy. Our main objective is the use TOPEX/POSEIDON data, concurrent in situ ocean measurements, and other satellite observations to document and diagnose physical processes by which heat is exchanged with the atmosphere, stored in the ocean, or transported by ocean circulation. During the prelaunch period, our objectives are to advise the project on an improved method of retrieving sea level data and prepare for the application of TOPEX/POSEIDON data by developing a diagnostic model using in situ measurements and altimeter observations from Geosat and the European Remote Sensing satellite.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: TOPEX(Poseidon Science Investigations Plan; p 70-71
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  • 2
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    The annual and interannual variabilities of precipitable water, surface wind speed, and sea surface temperature over the tropical Pacific (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SSMR) provided simultaneous measurements of three geophysical parameters, each of which describing a certain aspect of the evolution of the 1982-1983 ENSO: the sea-surface temperature (T), precipitable water (W), and surface-wind speed (U). In this paper, values derived from the SSMR were compared with in situ measurements from ships, research buoys, and operational island stations in the tropical Pacific between January 1980 and October 1983, demonstrating the temporal and spatial coherence of the SSMR measurements. The results show that the variabilities of the surface convergence, sea surface temperature, and precipitable water are related. It was found that W anomalies were not always colocated with T anomalies, and that W anomalies were often associated with negative U anomalies, interpreted as surface convergence.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Ocean-Air Interactions (ISSN 0743-0876); 1; 195-219
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  • 3
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    Moisture and latent heat flux variabilities in the tropical Pacific derived from satellite data (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes a method of determining latent heat flux and the ocean-atmosphere moisture from sea surface temperature, precipitable water, and surface wind speed data derived from 1980-1983 observations of SMMR aboard Nimbus 7 above tropical Pacific. The observation period included a very intense El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode. It was found that, during the early phase of the 1982-1983 ENSO, a surface convergence center moved east leading the anomalous equatorial westerlies. At this center, the low wind and high humidity caused negative (low) latent heat flux anomalies, despite anomalously high sea surface temperatures. Latent heat flux was found to play an important role in the seasonal cooling of the upper ocean, except in areas covered by major surface convergence zones and in areas of ocean upwelling.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 6749-676
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  • 4
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    The sensitivity of latent heat flux to the air humidity approximations used in ocean circulation models (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In deriving the surface latent heat flux with the bulk formula for the thermal forcing of some ocean circulation models, two approximations are commonly made to bypass the use of atmospheric humidity in the formula. The first assumes a constant relative humidity, and the second supposes that the sea-air humidity difference varies linearly with the saturation humidity at sea surface temperature. Using climatological fields derived from the Marine Deck and long time series from ocean weather stations, the errors introduced by these two assumptions are examined. It is shown that the errors reach above 100 W/sq m over western boundary currents and 50 W/sq m over the tropical ocean. The two approximations also introduce erroneous seasonal and spatial variabilities with magnitudes over 50 percent of the observed variabilities.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 9745-975
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  • 5
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    The 1982-1983 El Nino Atlas: Nimbus-7 microwave radiometer data (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monthly maps of sea surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor, and surface level wind speed as measured by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on the Nimbus-7 satellite for the tropical Pacific from June 1982 to October 1983, during one of the most intense El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) episodes, are presented. The non-ENSO annual cycle was compiled by averaging the 1980 and 1981 data for each calendar month and was removed from monthly fields of 1982 and 1983 to reveal the anomalous distributions. The anomaly fields and part of the non-ENSO annual cycle are also presented. This study and earlier evaluations demonstrate that the Nimbus/SMMR can be used to monitor large scale and low frequency variabilities in the tropical ocean. The SMMR data support and extend conventional measurements. The variabilities of the three parameters are found to represent various aspects of ENSO related through ocean atmosphere interaction. Their simultaneous and quantitative descriptions pave the way for the derivation of ocean atmosphere latent heat exchange and further the understanding of the coupled atmospheric and oceanic thermodynamics.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-180914 , JPL-PUB-87-5 , NAS 1.26:180914
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Monthly surface thermal forcing in the tropical Pacific from 1980 to 1983 (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monthly distributions of surface latent heat flux and solar irradiance in the tropical Pacific were computed from observations of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer on Nimbus-7 and the visible infrared spin scan radiometer on GOES-W. They are the dominant variable components of the surface heat flux, the sum of which gives the approximate thermal forcing on the ocean. Monthly maps of this sum, from January 1980 to September 1983, and within 20 deg N and 20 deg S, 180 deg and 80 deg W, are presented.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-183033 , JPL-PUBL-89-42 , NAS 1.26:183033
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Evaporation and solar irradiance as regulators of sea surface temperature in annual and interannual changes (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Seven years of net surface solar irradiance (S) derived from cloud information provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and 4 years of surface latent heat flux (E) derived from the observations of the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) were used to examine the relation between surface heat fluxes and sea surface temperature (T(sub s)) in their global geographical distribution, seasonal cycle, and interannual variation. The relations of seasonal changes imply that evaporation cooling is significant over most of the ocean and that solar heating is the main drive for the change of T(sub s) away from the equatorial wave guide where ocean dynamics may be more important. However, T(sub s) is not the most direct and significant factor in the seasonal changes of S and E over most of the ocean; the solar incident angle may be more important to S, and wind speed and air humidity are found to correlate better with E. Significant local correlations between anomalies of T(sub s) and S and between anomalies of T(sub s) and E are found in the central equatorial Pacific; both types of correlation are negative. The influence of ocean dynamics in changing T(sub s) in the tropical ocean cannot be ignored.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; C6; p. 12,623-12,637
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  • 8
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    Thermal forcing on the tropical Pacific from satellite data (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Monthly fields of latent heat flux and surface solar irradiance derived from spaceborne sensors were combined to estimate the surface thermal forcing on the tropical Pacific from 1980 to 1983. The annual cycle and the anomalies associated with 1982-1983 ENSO episode were examined. Along the equator and during the early phase of the episode the reduction of solar irradiance into the ocean is found to be compensated to some extent by the decrease in evaporative cooling. The distribution of correlation coefficients demonstrated that outside the equatorial waveguides, surface thermal forcing plays a significant role in the seasonal change of sea surface temperature and surface solar irradiance is main driving force. Significant correlation is also found between anomalous latent heat flux and anomalous change of sea surface temperature over a broad area in the equatorial and southern tropical Pacific, indicating that surface thermal forcing may play a larger role than expected in the anomalous sea surface temperature change, particularly in the reestablishment of the cold tongue at end of the episode.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 13209-13
    Format: text
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