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  • 1
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    Early evaluation of Thematic Mapper data for coastal process studies (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two sets of TM data taken over the ocean off the coast of the Southeastern U.S. Bight were studied for the applicability of TM data to marine environments. First, the results of applying TM and TMS data to determine chlorophyll concentration in the ocean are presented. Chlorophyll quantification in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/cu m was achieved by taking the ratio of TM band-1/band-2. Second, the results of applying TM band-6 data to monitor sea surface temperature are described. A comparison of TM data with AVHRR data shows TM readings coincide with AVHRR data within a scatter of 0.5 deg C in most of the areas studied. Lastly, the results of a technique to map the water depths of coral reefs in the Great Bahama Bank are demonstrated. Depths from 0 to 20 meters were delineated using TM band-1. The classification accuracy and origins of anomalous depth points are discussed.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 5, 19
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  • 2
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    An evaluation of 685 nm fluorescence imagery of coastal waters (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: To evaluate the possible application of sunlight-illuminated fluorescence at 685 nm for remote sensing of phytoplankton concentrations, an ocean-color scanner is flown on an aircraft. The results of an analysis of the scanner data, obtained from a series of test flights conducted along the Elbe River and its estuary in the North Sea, show that 685 nm fluorescence is a promising remote-sensing method. The observation of a strong correlation between the fluorescence yields and the chlorophyll concentrations determined by the absorption method which uses the reflectance ratio of blue/green channels, is discussed. The two methods are compared and it is shown that the fluorescence method has an edge over the other due to the data-processing algorithm and its applicability for surveying bio-resources in all types of water. Photographs of the chlorophyll patterns are presented.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: ESA Journal (ISSN 0379-2285); 9; 1, 19
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  • 3
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    Ocean chlorophyll studies from a U-2 aircraft platform (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Chlorophyll gradient maps of large ocean areas were generated from U-2/OCS data obtained over test sites in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. The delineation of oceanic features using the upward radiant intensity relies on an analysis method which presupposes that radiation backscattered from the atmosphere and the ocean surface can be properly modeled by using a measurement made at 778 nm. The calculation of atmospheric radiance was performed by using a method developed by Dave. An estimation of the chlorophyll concentration is performed by properly ratioing radiances measured at 472 and 548 nm after removing the atmospheric effects. The correlation between the remotely sensed data and the in situ surface chlorophyll measurements has been validated in two sets of data. The results show that the correlation between the in situ measured chlorophyll and the derived quantity is a negative exponential function, and the correlation coefficient was calculated to be -0.965.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; July 20
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  • 4
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    Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue-green lasers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laboratory and airborne experiments have proven the feasibility and demonstrated the techniques of an airborne pulsed laser system for rapidly mapping coastal water bathymetry. Water depths of 10 plus or minus 0.25 m were recorded in waters having an effective attenuation coefficient of 0.175 m. A 2-MW peak power Nd:YAG pulsed laser was flown at an altitude of 600 m. An advanced system, incorporating a mirror scanner, a high pulsed rate laser, and a good signal processor, could survey coastal zones at the rate of several square miles per hour.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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  • 5
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    The ocean color experiment (OCE) on the second orbital flight test of the Space Shuttle (OSTA-1) (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Ocean Color Experiment was one of the six remote-sensing experiments which for the first time were launched and successfully operated on board of the second flight of the Space Shuttle during November 1981. The experiment consists of a multispectral image scanner dedicated to the measurement of water color and its interpretation in terms of major water constituents and circulation patterns. The objectives of the experiment, the test site selection, and associated activities are described. The actual mission and results of an initial data analysis is discussed.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: (ISSN 0196-2892)
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  • 6
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    Chlorophyll gradient map from high-altitude ocean-color-scanner data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A chlorophyll density map of an ocean area 25 x 30 km is presented, and the procedure used in generating the map from high-altitude ocean-color-scanner data is discussed. Data were obtained from a ten-channel radiometer on board a U-2 aircraft flying at 19.8 km above the coastal waters of Monterey Bay, California under conditions of clear skies and clear and deep water; the processing algorithms should be useful for satellite data as well. The total radiance measured at high altitude was separated into an atmospheric and sea-surface component and a water component, which is associated with chlorophyll content, for each pixel using the upwelling radiance of a near IR channel to estimate the atmospheric effect. Chlorophyll data were extracted by taking the ratio of the difference of intensities in the 472 and 506 nm channels to the sum of the channels, and are found to agree with shipboard chlorophyll determinations at a depth of 5 m.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Nov. 15
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  • 7
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    Initial analysis of OSTA-1 ocean color experiment imagery (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: NASA's Ocean Color Experiment (OCE) was designed to map ocean features with an eight-channel scanning radiometer installed on the second flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. Digital computer enhancement and band-ratio techniques were applied to radiometrically corrected spectral data in order to emphasize chlorophyll distribution patterns. Such a pattern was evident in the Yellow Sea between Korea and China, and the effects of discharge from the Yangtze and other rivers were also observed. Two scenes, from orbits 30 and 32, revealed the movement of plankton patches in the Gulf of Cadiz. Geometric correction of the images permitted ocean current velocities to be deduced, and water depth variability over the Grand Bahama Bank was estimated by means of OCE's blue-green channel. Bottom-reflected sunlight produced a sensor signal that was inversely related to water depth.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Science; 218; Dec. 3
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  • 8
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    Relationships between chlorophyll density and ocean radiance as measured by U2/OCS: Algorithms, examples and comparison (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An ocean atmosphere radiative transfer process computation method which is suitable for determining lower boundary ocean albedo and other radiation components from spectral measurements of upwelling radiance taken from a high altitude platform is described. The method was applied to a set of color scanner data taken from slope water of the South Atlantic Bight to determine the influence of cholorophyll-a pigments in the sea on the ratio of upwelling radiance to down welling irradiance as a function of wavelength. The resulting chlorophyll concentrations are compared with measurements made by ships stationed along the flight path.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-84961 , NAS 1.15:84961
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  • 9
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    Development of an airborne laser bathymeter (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An airborne laser depth sounding system was built and taken through a complete series of field tests. Two green laser sources were tried: a pulsed neon laser at 540 nm and a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG transmitter at 532 nm. To obtain a depth resolution of better than 20 cm, the pulses had a duration of 5 to 7 nanoseconds and could be fired up to at rates of 50 pulses per second. In the receiver, the signal was detected by a photomultiplier tube connected to a 28 cm diameter Cassegrainian telescope that was aimed vertically downward. Oscilloscopic traces of the signal reflected from the sea surface and the ocean floor could either be recorded by a movie camera on 35 mm film or digitized into 500 discrete channels of information and stored on magnetic tape, from which depth information could be extracted. An aerial color movie camera recorded the geographic footprint while a boat crew of oceanographers measured depth and other relevant water parameters. About two hundred hours of flight time on the NASA C-54 airplane in the area of Chincoteague, Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay, and in Key West, Florida, have yielded information on the actual operating conditions of such a system and helped to optimize the design. One can predict the maximum depth attainable in a mission by measuring the effective attenuation coefficient in flight. This quantity is four times smaller than the usual narrow beam attenuation coefficient. Several square miles of a varied underwater landscape were also mapped.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8079
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    A multichannel photoionization chamber for absorption analysis Patent (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Multichannel photoionization chamber for measuring absorption, photoionization yield, and coefficients of gases
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Format: application/pdf
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