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  • Chemistry  (9)
  • Nitrogen use efficiency  (4)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen use efficiency ; C3 grasses ; C4 grasses ; Biomass production ; Competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two C3 grasses (Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L.) and two C4 grasses (Panicum miliaceum L., Panicum crus-galli L.) were cultivated in standard soil in the open air in pure cultures and in various mixed cultures at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels. After three months the dry weight, length and nitrogen content of the aboveground and below-ground parts of the plants and the shoot/root ratios were determined. Hordeum vulgare was the most successful species irrespective of the nitrogen fertilization level, and also exhibited in most cases the highest nitrogen concentrations. Panicum miliaceum, on the other hand, was the species least able to compete. The production of biomass was reduced in cultures growing under nitrogen starvation conditions, this phenomenon being more pronounced with respect to the C4 than to the C3 species. The decrease in the production of biomass at low N conditions was most drastic with Panicum crus-galli, the species with the lowest nitrogen content and thus assumed to be best adapted to nitrogen starvation conditions. In cultures growing at low nitrogen fertilization levels the shoot/root ratios of all species.shifted in favour of an increasing root proportion. The extent of this shift, however, differed from species to species.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen use efficiency ; C3 plant ; C4 plant ; Biomass production ; Nitrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pure and mixed cultures of the dicotyledons Atriplex hortensis L. (C3 plant) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4 plant) were maintained under open air conditions in standard soil at low and high nitrogen supply levels. A comparison of shoot dry weight and shoot length in the various series shows that the growth of the aboveground parts of both species was severely reduced under low N conditions. In both pure and mixed cultures the differences resulting from low N vs. high N conditions was less pronounced with Atriplex (C3 plant) than with Amaranthus (C4 plant). The root dry weight of the two species was not reduced so much under low N conditions as was the shoot dry weight. The low N plants were found to contain a larger proportion of their biomass in the roots than did the high N plants. In general the root proportion of Atriplex was greater than that of Amaranthus. The contents of organic nitrogen and nitrate and the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) per g dry weight of both species decreased continually throughout the experiments. With the exception of young plants, the low N plants always had tower contents of organic nitrogen and nitrate and nitrate reductase activities than did the high N plants. The highest values of NRA were measured in the leaf laminae. The eaves also exhibited the highest concentrations of organic nitrogen. The highest nitrate concentrations, however, were observed in the shoot axis, and in most cases the lowest nitrate values were found in the laminae. At the end of ne growing season this pattern was found to have been reversed with Atriplex, but not with Amaranthus. Thus Atriplex was able to maintain a higher NRA in the laminae than Amaranthus under low N conditions. The transpiration per leaf area of the C4 plant Amaranthus during the course of a day was substantially lower than that of the C3 plant Atriplex. There were no significant differences in transpiration between the low N and high N series of Amaranthus. The low N plants of Atriplex, however, clearly showed in most cases higher transpiration rates than the corresponding high N plants. These different transpiration rates of the high N and the low N Atriplex plants were also reflected in a distinct 13C discrimination. The sum of these results points to the conclusion that the C3 plant Atriplex hortensis can maintain a better internal inorganic nitrogen supply than the C4 plant Amaranthus retroflexus under low N conditions and an ample water supply, due to the larger root proportion and the more pronounced and flexible transpiration of the C3 plant.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Crassulacean acid metabolism ; Succulent C3 ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Organic nitrogen ; Nitrogen use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) succulent species Kalanchoe daigremontiana, K. tubiflora and Crassula argentea, and the succulent C3 species Peperomia obtusifolia, were cultivated in pure culture in open-air conditions under two different regimes of nitrogen and water supply. At specified intervals during the course of vegetative growth, biomass, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrate concentration, and organic nitrogen concentration of whole plants were measured. After 100 days of cultivation the leaf conductance of Crassula and Peperomia was measured at intervals for the duration of a day. Behaviour of all four species was strongly influenced by the cultivation regime. This was apparent in terms of productivity and variable flucturations in NRA, nitrate concentration, and organic nitrogen concentration during the vegetative period. Increase in biomass was mostly connected with a decrease in all other investigated parameters, especially under conditions of water and/or nitrogen deficiency. The typical reaction of the CAM species Crassula to limited netrogen but adequate soil water was to reduce leaf conductance during light, whereas the C3 plant Peperomia increased conductance in comparison with plants having a nitrogen suppy. The NRA of all plant species was reduced by both soil nitrate deficiency and drought. The succulent plant species, which are specially adapted to drought, neither took up nor used nitrate when water was limited. This was particularly the case for the CAM species, but less so for the C3 Peperomia, which showed very high concentrations of nitrate and organic nitrogen, but low NRA and biomass gain. A formula was derived to express the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the species, i.e. the ability of a plant to use nitrogen over a specific period of growth. NUE was shown to increase with age for the crassulacean species but to decrease for the C3 Peperomia. Furthermore, NUE varied with the different nutrient levels in a species-specific manner, with high values for NUE not necessarily coupled to high productivity, and with NUE of the C3 species generally higher than that of CAM species.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Biomass production ; CAM plants ; Leaf conductance ; Nitrogen use efficiency ; Water supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two CAM plant species (Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. tubiflora) were cultivated in pure cultures with two different levels of nitrogen and water supply. A comparison of the plant dry weight showed that the productivity was severely reduced under low nitrogen or/and water conditions. Additionally the proportion of the different organs contributing to the total biomass, and thus the ratio of root/shoot dry weight shifted substantially. At the same time the production of leaf buds in ratio to leaf biomass was increased. Concentrations of organic nitrogen and nitrate in the shoots were drastically reduced under low nitrogen or/and water conditions, but organic nitrogen concentration in the roots remained relatively high. The leaf conductance over a day was investigated only for K. daigremontiana, and decreased with reduced water and nitrogen supply. The results indicate that CAM plants do not have the predicted high nitrogen use efficiency. Under environmental stress they change from biomass production towards provisions for life preservation.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 507-525 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer measurements using a dynamic method and evaluated with an appropriate mathematical model have been made on a tubular loop bioreactor. Correlations of the type used in tank systems are used to describe the influence of power and aeration rate on the mass transfer coefficient. Yeast cultures grown on hydrocarbon and glucose substrates show growth characteristics similar to conventional tank results. Model considerations for large-scale tubular fermentors allow for the prediction of the steady-state oxygen profiles and maximum reactor length. Combination with two-phase flow and oxygen transfer correlations yields a design procedure for commercial scale tubular loop fermentors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 765-767 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1613-1635 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 22 m long. 20 liter tubular loop fermentor (TLF) has been tested for oxygen transfer characteristics and as a reactor for mycelial growth. Model calculations show that the flow pressure drop has an important influence on the axial oxygen profiles. A design model that accounts for this influence is presented. Using the model, KLa values are calculated from the results of sulfite oxidation experiments. These are correlated with power consumption and aeration rates. The KLa dependence on aeration rate was found to be less than found with tank reactors. The growth kinetics of three metabolite-producing mycelial organisms in the TLF are presented: a Streptomyces, a Fusarium, and a Acrophialophora. In order to determine the influence of reactor type on the growth and product formation, these cultures have been grown in tanks and shake flasks. The antibiotic, product spectrum of Streptomyces is compared on the basis of inhibition tests and it is shown that the distribution of products is reactor dependent. The Fusarium culture produced a previously unknown metabolite, whose concentration in the loop fermentor was four times higher than in a shake flask. The Acrophialophora culture grew twice as fast in the loop fermentor, but produced essentially none of the specific product. Power Consumptions of up to 8 kW/m3 in the tubular fermentor did not appear to harm the mycelia.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 40 (1989), S. 575-587 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion behaviour of some cast stainless steels and high alloy white irons in scrubber solutions of flue gas desulfurization plantsWeight loss and electrochemical measurements have been used to determine the ranges of applicability of cast austenitic stainless steel Werkstoff No. 1.4408, of two special cast ferritic-austenitic stainless steels NORIDUR® 9.4460 and NORICLOR® NC 24 6 and of two high alloy Cr and CrMo white irons in scrubber solutions of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) plants. Whereas the Werkstoff No. 1.4408 cannot be used due to its insufficient resistance to general and localized corrosion, NORIDUR® 9.4460 can be used in scrubber solutions with pH 〉 2.5 and chloride concentrations up to 80 g/l, NORICLOR® NC 24 6 with 5% Mo even in liquids with pH 〉 1.5 and chlorides up to 100 g/l. At lower pH-values both duplex stainless steels show active corrosion of either the austenite or the ferrite depending on the contents of hydrochloric acid in the solution. At higher chloride concentrations pitting occurs on the passive materials. The CrMo white iron NORILOY NL 25 2 with 25% Cr and 2% Mo can be used in scrubber liquids with pH 〉 3.5. As the ferritic matrix is cathodically protected by the precipitated carbides, there is no sensitivity of this alloy to chlorides. In liquids with pH 〈 3.5 there is selective corrosion of the ferritic matrix. For practical application of all these cast alloys the limits for purely corrosive attack have to be modified to assure. resistance to a superposition of corrosion, erosion/abrasion and cavitation on parts exposed to real flow conditions in FGD scrubbers.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von Auslagerungsversuchen und elektrochemischen Messungen wurden die Anwendungsgrenzen des nichtrostenden austenitischen Stahlgusses 1.4408, der beiden nichtrostenden ferritisch-austenitischen Sonderstahlgußsorten NORIDUR® 9.4460 und NORICLOR® NC 246 und der beiden hochlegierten ferritisch-carbidischen Hartgußsorten NORILOY NL 25 und NL 252 in Waschwässern von Rauchgas-Entschwefelungs-Anlagen (REA) bestimmt. Während der Stahlguß 1.4408 wegen zu geringer Beständigkeit gegen gleichmäßige Flächen- und insbesondere Loch- und Spaltkorrosion für den Einsatz in REA-Waschwässern nicht geeignet ist, läßt sich der ferritisch-austenitische Stahlguß NORIDUR® 9.4460 in Waschlösungen mit pH 〉 2,5 und Chloridgehalten bis 80 g/1, der mit 5% Mo legierte NORICLOR® NC 246 sogar in Wässern mit pH 〉 1,5 und Chloridgehalten bis 100 g/l problemlos einsetzen. In stark sauren Lösungen unterhalb der genannten pH-Werte korrodieren beide Stahlgußsorten in Form selektiver Korrosion der austenitischen oder der ferritischen Phase, je nach Salzsäuregehalt der Lösung. Bei Chloridgehalten jenseits der Grenzwerte tritt an den passiven Werkstoffen Lochfraß auf. Der ferritisch-carbidische Hartguß NORILOY NL 25 2 mit 25% Cr und 2% Mo ist in Lösungen mit pH 〉 3,5 einsetzbar. Da die ferritische Matrix durch die ausgeschiedenen Carbide kathodisch geschützt wird, reagiert der Werkstoff wenig auf Erhöhung des Chloridgehaltes in der Lösung. In Lösungen mit pH 〈 3,5 wird selektive Korrosion der ferritischen Matrix beobachtet. Für den praktischen Einsatz all dieser Gußwerkstoffe müssen die allein fü korrosive Beanspruchungen geltenden Grenzwerte allerdings oft modifiziert werden, um dem realen Belastungskollektiv aus Korrosion, Erosion/Abrasion und Kavitation an strömungsführenden Bauteilen in REA-Waschkreisläufen gerecht zu werden.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 38 (1955), S. 613-638 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird eine Synthese des 1,3,7,12,16,18-Hexaphenyl-octadecadiin-(5,13)-trien-(1,9,17)-tetraols-(3,7,12,16) beschrieben. Aus dieser Verbindung wurden durch Wasserabspaltung 3 isomere Kohlenwasserstoffe VI, VII und VIII erhalten, die als Diacetylen-, Acetylen-kumulen- und Dikumulenderivate aufgefasst werden müssen. Die partielle Reduktion dieser Verbindungen führte zu 4 stereoisomeren 1,3,7,12,16,18-Hexaphenyl-octadeca-nonaenen, die sich durch ihre Spektren als behinderte cis-Formen zu erkennen gaben. Durch Einwirkung von Jod auf diese 4 cis-Formen wurden neben der ganztrans-Form noch eine grössere Zahl von cis-trans-isomeren 1,3,7,12,16,18-Hexaphenyl-octadeca-nonaenen erhalten, die sich durch ihre Absorptionsspektren, Schmelzpunkte und Lage im Chromatogramm charakterisieren lassen.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
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