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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of plant volatiles in host location by the specialist parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes cresson (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 625-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; cotton ; cowpea ; parasitoid ; host location ; kairomones ; olfaction ; induced plant responses ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048128
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volicitin, An Elicitor of Maize Volatiles in Oral Secretion of Spodoptera Exigua: Isolation and Bioactivity (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 189-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Volicitin ; induced plant volatiles ; elicitor ; parasitoid attractants ; Zea mays ; Spodoptera exigua ; Microplitis croceipes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plants respond to insect-inflicted injury by systemically releasing relatively large amounts of several volatile compounds, mostly terpenoids and indole. As a result, the plants become highly attractive to natural enemies of the herbivorous insects. In maize, this systemic response can be induced by the uptake via the stem of an elicitor present in the oral secretions of caterpillars. Such an elicitor was isolated from the regurgitant of Spodoptera exigua larvae, identified as N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine, and named volicitin. Here we present details on the procedure that was used to isolate volicitin and the biosasays that demonstrate its potency as an elicitor of maize volatiles that attract parasitoids. With a series of liquid chromatography purification steps, volicitin was separated from all other inactive substances in the regurgitant of larvae of the noctuid moth S. exigua. Maize seedlings that were incubated in very low concentrations of pure natural volicitin released relatively large amounts of terpenoids and became highly attractive to the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. The identification of this and other insect-derived elicitors should allow us to determine their precise source and function, and better understand the evolutionary history of the phenomenon of herbivore-induced volatile emissions in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005449730052
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An elicitor in caterpillar oral secretions that induces corn seedlings to emit chemical signals attractive to parasitic wasps (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 411-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Elicitor ; corn ; Zea mays ; caterpillar regurgitate ; plant volatiles ; synomones ; semiochemicals ; parasitoids ; Cotesia marginiventris ; Microplitis croceipes ; host searching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Regurgitate of corn-fed beet armyworm (BAW) caterpillars,Spodoptera exigua, when applied to damaged sites of corn (Zea mays) seedlings, causes the release of relatively large amounts of terpenes by the seedlings several hours later. This plant response could be induced by merely placing the cut stem of seedlings in a solution of BAW regurgitate for 12 hr, a response that could not be induced by placing seedlings in water only. Regurgitate of BAW fed various diets, including a minimal diet of filter paper, were all active. However, seedlings placed in corn leaf juice, BAW hemolymph, or BAW feces extract released significantly smaller amounts of terpenes than did seedlings placed in BAW regurgitate. These results indicate that the active components are present in relatively large concentrations in regurgitate and that they are not related to the food source. Furthermore, regurgitate from several other species of caterpillars (Spodoptera frugiperda, Helicoverpa zea,Trichoplusia ni, andAnticarsia gemmatalis) as well as from the grasshopperSchistocerca americana induced the release of significant amounts of terpenes in corn seedlings. The release of these volatiles, therefore, appears to be a general response to attack by phytophagous insects. The terpene-releasing corn seedlings were highly attractive to the generalist parasitoidCotesia marginiventris and to the specialized parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes. This study confirms a systemic herbivore-elicited release of terpenes in corn. It is proposed that such chemicals serve multifunctional purposes that directly and indirectly protect plants against herbivorous arthropods and pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994314
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of Systemically Released Cotton Volatiles as Attractants for Specialist and Generalist Parasitic Wasps (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum ; cotton ; parasitoids ; Microplitis croceipes ; Cotesia marginiventris ; plant–insect interactions ; volatile semiochemicals ; systemic induction ; plant defense ; host-searching behavior ; generalist ; specialist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cotton plants under herbivore attack release volatile semiochemicals that attract natural enemies of the herbivores to the damaged plant. The volatiles released in response to herbivory are not only released from the damaged leaves but from the entire cotton plant. We found that cotton plants that released myrcene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)-β-farnesene, and (E, E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene systemically from undamaged leaves of caterpillar damaged plants were attractive to the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris and the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. Plants from which the caterpillar damaged leaves were removed and that released those compounds systemically were significantly preferred over undamaged control plants in two-choice experiments in a flight tunnel. Artificially damaged cotton plants that released green leafy volatiles and constitutive terpenoids were less attractive for M. croceipes and C. marginiventris. Only C. marginiventris preferred artificially damaged plants over undamaged control plants, whereas M. croceipes showed no preference. The apparent lack of specificity of systemically released compounds in response to different herbivores feeding on the lower leaves is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022584409323
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